True toad









































True toads
Temporal range: 57–0 Ma

PreЄ

Є

O

S

D

C

P

T

J

K

Pg

N







Late Paleocene – Recent[1]


Bufo bufo.jpg

Common toad or European toad, Bufo bufo


Territorial call of an Atelopus franciscus male

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Amphibia
Order:
Anura
Suborder:
Neobatrachia
Family:
Bufonidae
Gray, 1825
Genera

Over 35 see text


Bufonidae distrib.PNG
Native distribution of Bufonidae (in black)



Song of Common toad or European toad, Bufo bufo.


A true toad is any member of the family Bufonidae, in the order Anura (frogs and toads). This is the only family of anurans in which all members are known as toads, although some may be called frogs (such as harlequin frogs). The bufonids now comprise more than 35 genera, Bufo being the most widespread and well known.




Contents






  • 1 Characteristics


  • 2 Taxonomy


  • 3 References


  • 4 External links





Characteristics


True toads are widespread and are native to every continent except Australia and Antarctica, inhabiting a variety of environments, from arid areas to rainforest. Most lay eggs in paired strings that hatch into tadpoles, although, in the genus Nectophrynoides, the eggs hatch directly into miniature toads.[1]


True toads are toothless and generally warty in appearance. They have a pair of parotoid glands on the back of their heads. These glands contain an alkaloid poison which the toads excrete when stressed. The poison in the glands contains a number of toxins causing different effects. Bufotoxin is a general term. Different animals contain significantly different substances and proportions of substances. Some, like the cane toad Rhinella marina, are more toxic than others. Some "psychoactive toads", such as the Colorado River toad Bufo alvaris, have been used recreationally for the effects of their bufotoxin.


Male toads possess a Bidder's organ. Under the right conditions, the organ becomes an active ovary and the toad, in effect, becomes female.[2]



Taxonomy


The family Bufonidae contains about 500 species among 38 genera.





















































































































































































































Genus Latin name and author Common name Species

Adenomus Cope, 1861
 Dwarf toads
3

Altiphrynoides Dubois, 1987
 Ethiopian toads
2

Amazophrynella Fouquet et al., 2012
7

Amietophrynus Frost et al., 2006
38

Anaxyrus Tschudi, 1845
22

Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870
 Stream toads
29

Atelopus Duméril & Bibron, 1841
 Stubfoot toads
96

Blythophryne Chandramouli et al., 2016[3]
 Andaman bush toads
1

Bufo Laurenti, 1768
 Toads
37

Bufoides Pillai & Yazdani, 1973
 Mawblang toad
1

Capensibufo Grandison, 1980
 Cape toads
2

Churamiti Channing & Stanley, 2002
1

Crepidophryne Cope, 1889
 Cerro Utyum toads
3

Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1871
 Tree toads
10

Didynamipus Andersson, 1903
 Four-digit toad
1

Duttaphrynus Frost et al., 2006
6

Epidalea Cope, 1864
 Natterjack toad
1

Frostius Cannatella, 1986
 Frost's toads
2

Ingerophrynus Frost et al., 2006
11

Laurentophryne Tihen, 1960
 Parker's tree toad
1

Leptophryne Fitzinger, 1843
 Indonesia tree toads
2

Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961
 South American redbelly toads
20

Mertensophryne Tihen, 1960
 Snouted frogs
20

Metaphryniscus Señaris, Ayarzagüena & Gorzula, 1994
1

Nectophryne Buchholz & Peters, 1875
 African tree toads
2

Nectophrynoides Buchholz & Peters, 1875
 African live-bearing toads
13

Nimbaphrynoides Dubois, 1987
 Nimba toads
2

Oreophrynella Boulenger, 1895
 Bush toads
8

Osornophryne Ruiz-Carranza & Hernández-Camacho, 1976
 Plump toads
6

Parapelophryne Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2003
1

Pedostibes Günther, 1876
 Asian tree toads
6

Pelophryne Barbour, 1938
 Flathead toads
9

Pseudepidalea Frost, et al. 2006
16

Pseudobufo Tschudi, 1838
 False toad
1

Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826
 Beaked toads
72

Sabahphrynus Matsui, Yambun, and Sudin, 2007
 Sabah earless toad
1

Schismaderma Smith, 1849
 African split-skin toad
1

Truebella Graybeal & Cannatella, 1995
2

Werneria Poche, 1903
 Smalltongue toads
6

Wolterstorffina Mertens, 1939
 Wolterstorff toads
3

Xanthophryne Biju, Van Bocxlaer, Giri, Loader & Bossuyt, 2009
2


References





  1. ^ ab Zweifel, Richard G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G., eds. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 91–92. ISBN 0-12-178560-2..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ Brown, Federico D.; Del Pino, Eugenia M.; Krohne, Georg (December 2002). "Bidder's organ in the toad Bufo marinus: Effects of orchidectomy on the morphology and expression of lamina-associated polypeptide 2". Development, Growth & Differentiation. 44 (6): 527–535. doi:10.1046/j.1440-169X.2002.00665.x. ISSN 1440-169X.


  3. ^ S. R. Chandramouli, Karthikeyan, Vasudevan, S Harikrishnan, Sushil Kumar Dutta, S Jegath Janani, Richa Sharma, Indraneil Das, Ramesh Aggarwal. “A new genus and species of arboreal toad with phytotelmonous larvae, from the Andaman Islands, India (Lissamphibia, Anura, Bufonidae)” ZooKeys (2016) 555: 57-90, https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.555.6522





  • "Amphibian Species of the World 5.1 - Bufonidae". Archived from the original on 2012-07-15. Retrieved 2008-04-10.


  • Stebbins, Robert. Western Reptiles & Amphibians (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Co., 2003.

  • Halliday, Tim R., and Kraig Adler (editors). The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians. Facts on File, New York, 2002.



External links















  • Tolweb.org: Bufonidae

  • Bufonidae.com

  • Amphibian and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia - Family Bufonidae

  • FED.us


  • Bufonidae recordings from the British Library Sound Archive











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