Dr. phil. h. c. Otto Liman von Sanders
Generalleutnant Otto Liman von Sanders
Birth name	Otto Viktor Karl Liman
Born	(1855-02-17)17 February 1855 Stolp, Province of Pomerania, Kingdom of Prussia in the German Confederation
Died	22 August 1929(1929-08-22) (aged 74) Munich, Bavaria, Weimar Republic
Buried	Darmstadt, Germany
Allegiance	German Empire  Ottoman Empire
Service/branch	Army
Years of service	1874–1918
Rank	General der Kavallerie
Unit	Grossherzoglich-Hessische Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 115 Dragoner-Regiment Nr. 23
Commands held	I. Armee-Korps 22nd Division Husaren-Regiments Nr. 6 Fifth Army (Ottoman Empire) Yildirim Army Group (Ottoman Empire)
Battles/wars	World War I Gallipoli Campaign Sinai and Palestine Campaign
Awards	Pour le mérite mit Eichenlaub
Spouse(s)	Amelie Lily Karoline Gabriele von Sanders (1858–1906) Elisabeth Alberti

Generalleutnant Otto Liman von Sanders at the Ottoneum in Kassel circa 1913

Otto Liman von Sanders, Hans-Joachim Buddecke, and Oswald Boelcke in Turkey, 1916

Otto Viktor Karl Liman von Sanders (17 February 1855 – 22 August 1929) was a German general who served as an adviser and military commander to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. In 1918 he commanded an Ottoman army during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign.^[1]

Early life and career[edit]

Otto Liman was born in Stolp (now Słupsk) in the Province of Pomerania in the Kingdom of Prussia. He was the son of Carl Leonhard Liman and his wife Emma (née Michaelis). Carl Liman was a prosperous businessman, who purchased the lordship of the manor (Rittergut) of Schwessin. Although divergent details of Carl Liman's paternal ancestry are recorded, it is generally agreed that his father (Otto's grandfather) was born to Jewish parents (named Liepmann) and baptised a Christian.^[2]

After gaining his school diploma (Abitur) at the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium in Berlin, Otto Liman entered the army on 13 March 1874 as a Fahnenjunker in Leibgarde-Infanterie-Regiment (1. Grossherzoglich Hessisches) Nr. 115. From 1878 to 1881 he attended the Military Academy (Kriegsakademie) in Berlin, and was subsequently transferred to Garde-Dragoner-Regiment (1. Grossherzoglich Hessisches) Nr. 23. In 1885 he was promoted to Oberleutnant and in 1887 seconded to the General Staff. Promoted to Hauptmann in 1889, he was appointed a squadron commander (Eskadronschef) in 1891. In 1900 he was assigned command of Husaren-Regiment "Graf Goetzen" (2. Schlesisches) Nr. 6, first as Major, and from 1904 as Oberst. He was promoted to Generalmajor in 1908 and given command of the 22nd Division, based at Kassel.^[3] He attained the rank of Generalleutnant in 1911.^[3]

On 16 June 1913, on the occasion of the 25th Jubilee of Kaiser Wilhelm II, Liman was ennobled. As his nobiliary suffix he chose the maiden name of his late first wife, Amelie von Sanders (1858–1906). He was thereafter known as Otto Liman von Sanders. In accordance with the rules of German nomenclature, this surname is correctly abbreviated "Liman" (and not "von Sanders" or "Sanders", as is often the case in English-language publications).^[4]

German Military Mission to the Ottoman Empire and World War I[edit]

In 1913, like several other Prussian generals before him (such as Moltke and Goltz), Liman was appointed to head a German military mission to the Ottoman Empire.^[1] For nearly eighty years, the Ottomans had been trying to modernize their army along European lines. Liman von Sanders would be the last German to attempt this task.^[5]

On 30 July 1914, two days after the outbreak of the war in Europe, the Ottoman leaders agreed to form an alliance with Germany against Russia, although it did not require them to undertake military action, and on 31 October 1914, the Ottoman Empire officially entered the war on the side of the Central Powers. Britain and France declared war on it on 5 November, and the Ottomans declared a jihad (holy war) later that month, but the call for jihad failed as many of the Arab nationalists formed an alliance with the British (which led to the Arab Revolt).

Gallipoli[edit]

The first proposal to attack the Ottoman Empire was made in November 1914 by the French Minister of Justice Aristide Briand and was rejected. Later that month Winston Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty, proposed a naval attack on the Dardanelles, based in part on erroneous reports of Ottoman troop strength. An initial attempt to force the Dardanelles by sea failed on 18 March 1915, due to gunfire from Ottoman forts on both sides of the strait. The Allies then turned to planning amphibious operations to capture the forts and clear the strait, which led to the Battle of Gallipoli.

Liman had little time to organize the defences, but he had two things in his favor. First, the Ottoman 5th Army in the Gallipoli peninsula was the best army they had, some 84,000 well-equipped soldiers in six divisions. Second, he was helped by poor Allied leadership. On 23 April 1915, the British landed a major force at Cape Helles. His decision to pull back the strong line of coastal defenses the local Turkish commanders had established and group them inland in preparation for the Allied attack almost gave an early victory to Allies. He was also convinced that Allied landings would take place at Saros Bay and did not believe for a long time the landings at Arıburnu was the main assault, not a ruse. He did not release the main troops in the critical first day of the landings.^[6] One of Liman's best decisions during this time was to promote Mustafa Kemal (later known as Atatürk) to command the 19th division. Kemal's division was crucial to the Ottomans' defense. His troops marched up on the day of the landings and occupied the ridge line above the ANZAC landing site, just as the ANZAC troops were moving up the slope themselves. Kemal recognized the danger and personally made sure his troops held the ridge line. They were never forced off despite constant attacks for the next five months.

From April to November 1915 (when the decision to evacuate was made), Liman had to fight off numerous attacks against his defensive positions. The British tried another landing at Suvla Bay, but this also was halted by the Ottoman defenders. The only bright spot for the British in this entire operation was that they managed to evacuate their positions without much loss. However, this battle was a major victory for the Ottoman army and some of the credit is given to the generalship of Liman von Sanders.

Early in 1915, the previous head of the German military mission to the Ottoman Empire, Baron von der Goltz, arrived in Istanbul as military advisor to the (essentially powerless) Sultan, Mehmed V. The old Baron did not get along with Liman von Sanders and did not like the three Pashas (Enver Pasha, Cemal Pasha and Talat) who ran the Ottoman Empire during the war. The Baron proposed some major offensives against the British, but these proposals came to nothing in the face of Allied offensives against the Ottomans on three fronts (the Dardanelles, the Caucasus Front, and the newly opened Mesopotamian Front). Liman was rid of the old Baron when Enver Pasha sent him to fight the British in Mesopotamia in October 1915. (Goltz died there six months later, just before the British army at Kut surrendered.)

Sinai and Palestine[edit]

In 1918, the last year of the war, Liman von Sanders took over command of the Ottoman army during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, replacing the German General Erich von Falkenhayn who had been defeated by British General Allenby at the end of 1917.

Liman was hampered by the significant decline in power of the Ottoman army. His forces were unable to do anything more than occupy defensive positions and wait for the British attack. The attack was a long time in coming, but when General Allenby finally unleashed his army, the entire Ottoman army was destroyed in a week of fighting (see the Battle of Megiddo). In the rout, Liman was nearly taken prisoner by British soldiers.

Later life[edit]

After the war ended he was arrested in Malta in February 1919 on charges of having committed war crimes, but he was released six months later. He retired from the German army that year.

In 1927 he published a book he had written in captivity in Malta about his experiences before and during the war (there is an English translation^[7]).

He died in Munich on 22 August 1929 at the age of seventy-four.^[1]

See also[edit]

• Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim


• Bund der Asienkämpfer


• Erich Prigge

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Kerner, Robert J., "The Mission of Liman von Sanders: I. Its Origin," The Slavonic Review, vol. 6, no. 16, 1927, pp. 12–27, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4202133
  


• Kerner, Robert J., "The Mission of Liman von Sanders: II. The Crisis," The Slavonic Review, vol. 6, no. 17, 1927, pp. 344–363, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4202174
  


• Kerner, Robert J., "The Mission of Liman von Sanders: III," The Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 6, no. 18, 1928, pp. 543–560, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4202208
  


• Kerner, Robert J., "The Mission of Liman von Sanders: IV. The Aftermath," The Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 7, no. 19, 1928, pp. 90–112, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4202243
  


• Mulligan, William. "'We Can't be more Russian than the Russians': British Policy During the Liman von Sanders Crisis, 1913–1914." Diplomacy and Statecraft 17.2 (2006): 261-282.


• Travers, Tim. "Liman von Sanders, the capture of Lieutenant Palmer, and Ottoman anticipation of the Allied landings at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915." The Journal of Military History 65.4 (2001): 965.


• Trumpener, Ulrich. "Liman von Sanders and the German-Ottoman alliance." Journal of Contemporary History 1.4 (1966): 179-192. online
  

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Otto Liman Von Sanders.

• 
  World War One.com Short biography. January 2006.


• 
  "Liman von Sanders, Otto Viktor Karl". Hessische Biografie. 6 June 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  


• 
  Newspaper clippings about Otto Liman von Sanders in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics (ZBW)