2010 Chile earthquake




For the 2014 quake, see 2014 Iquique earthquake. For the 2015 quake, see 2015 Illapel earthquake. For the 2016 quake, see 2016 Chiloé earthquake. For other earthquakes in and about Chile during 2010, see List of earthquakes in Chile occurring in 2010.

































































2010 Chile earthquake

Collapsed building in Concepción.
Damaged sustained by a building in Concepción, located around 100 kilometres south of the epicenter.


UTC time		 2010-02-27 06:34:23

ISC event		 14340585
USGS-ANSS
 ComCat
Local date 27 February 2010 (2010-02-27)[1]
Local time 03:34 CST (UTC-03:00)
Magnitude 8.8 Mww
Depth 35 km (22 mi)[2]
30.1 km (19 mi)[1]
Epicenter
35°54′32″S 72°43′59″W / 35.909°S 72.733°W / -35.909; -72.733Coordinates: 35°54′32″S 72°43′59″W / 35.909°S 72.733°W / -35.909; -72.733[2]
36°17′24″S 73°14′20″W / 36.290°S 73.239°W / -36.290; -73.239[1]
Type Megathrust
Areas affected Chile
Max. intensity
VIII (Severe)[3]
IX (Violent)[1]
Peak acceleration 0.65 g
Tsunami Yes
Casualties 525 dead, 25 missing.[4]







The partially collapsed 21-story O'Higgins Tower, Concepción


The 2010 Chile earthquake (Spanish: Terremoto del 27F) occurred off the coast of central Chile on Saturday, 27 February at 03:34 local time (06:34 UTC), having a magnitude of 8.8 on the moment magnitude scale, with intense shaking lasting for about three minutes.[5][1][2][6] It was felt strongly in six Chilean regions (from Valparaíso in the north to Araucanía in the south), that together make up about 80 percent of the country's population. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS) the cities experiencing the strongest shaking—VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale (MM)—were Concepción, Arauco and Coronel. According to Chile's Seismological Service Concepción experienced the strongest shaking at MM IX (Violent).[1] The earthquake was felt in the capital Santiago at MM VII (Very strong)[3] or MM VIII.[1] Tremors were felt in many Argentine cities, including Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Mendoza and La Rioja.[7][8] Tremors were felt as far north as the city of Ica in southern Peru (approx. 2,400 km (1,500 mi) away).[9]


The earthquake triggered a tsunami which devastated several coastal towns in south-central Chile and damaged the port at Talcahuano. Tsunami warnings were issued in 53 countries,[10] and the wave caused minor damage in the San Diego area of California[11] and in the Tōhoku region of Japan, where damage to the fisheries business was estimated at ¥6.26 billion (US$66.7 million).[12] The earthquake also generated a blackout that affected 93 percent of the Chilean population and which went on for several days in some locations.[13]President Michelle Bachelet declared a "state of catastrophe" and sent military troops to take control of the most affected areas. According to official sources, 525 people lost their lives, 25 people went missing[4] and about 9% of the population in the affected regions lost their homes.[14]


On 10 March, Swiss Reinsurance Co. estimated that the Chilean quake would cost insurance companies between 4 and 7 billion dollars. The rival German-based Munich Re AG made the same estimate.[15] Earthquake's losses to the economy of Chile are estimated at US$15–30 billion.[16]




Contents






  • 1 Location


  • 2 Seismology and geology


    • 2.1 Compared with past earthquakes


    • 2.2 Aftershocks


    • 2.3 2011 aftershocks


    • 2.4 Geophysical impact




  • 3 Damage and casualties


    • 3.1 Modified Mercalli intensities for some localities


    • 3.2 Identified fatalities


    • 3.3 Population with destroyed or severely damaged homes


    • 3.4 Humanitarian response




  • 4 Conditions in the aftermath


    • 4.1 Chaos and disorder


    • 4.2 Prison escape


    • 4.3 Government response


    • 4.4 Economic recovery


    • 4.5 Food scarcity




  • 5 Tsunami


    • 5.1 Chile


    • 5.2 Oceania


    • 5.3 North America


    • 5.4 Tsunami-related aid given


    • 5.5 Data




  • 6 See also


  • 7 Notes


  • 8 References


  • 9 External links





Location


According to the USGS, the epicenter of the earthquake was about 3 km (1.9 miles) off the coast of Pelluhue, a town in the Maule Region. This is about 6 km (3.7 miles) west of the village of Chovellén, 15 km (9.3 miles) southwest of the town of Pelluhue and at a point approximately 100 km (62 miles) away from the following four provincial capitals: Talca (to the north-east), Linares (to the east), Chillán (to the south-east) and Concepción (to the south).[2] Chile's Seismological Service located the quake's epicenter at about 34 km (21 miles) off the coast of Ñuble Province in the Biobío Region. This is 60 km (37 miles) north of Concepción and 170 km (110 miles) south-west of Talca.[1]



Seismology and geology


Main articles: Nazca Plate and geology of Chile

The earthquake took place along the boundary between the Nazca and South American tectonic plates, at a location where they converge at a rate of eighty millimeters (3 in) a year. This earthquake was characterized by a thrust-faulting focal mechanism, caused by the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American Tectonic Plates.[2] The end-regions of the rupture zone coincided with the Andean oroclines of Maipo (33° S) and Arauco (37° S). This has been interpreted as suggesting a link between upper plate (South American plate) structure and rupture length.[17]


Chile has been at a convergent plate boundary that generates megathrust earthquakes since the Paleozoic era (500 million years ago). In historical times the Chilean coast has suffered many megathrust earthquakes along this plate boundary, including the strongest earthquake ever measured, which is the 1960 Valdivia earthquake. Most recently, the boundary ruptured, causing the 2007 Tocopilla earthquake in northern Chile.


The segment of the fault zone which ruptured in this earthquake was estimated to be over 700 km (430 mi) long with a displacement of almost 10 meters, or 120 years of accumulated plate movement.[18] It lay immediately north of the 1,000 km (620 mi) segment which ruptured in the great earthquake of 1960.[19] Preliminary measurements show that the entire South American Plate moved abruptly westward during the quake.[20] A research collaborative of Ohio State and other institutions have found, using GPS, that the earthquake shifted Santiago 28 cm (11 in) to the west-southwest and moved Concepción at least 3 metres (10 ft) to the west. The earthquake also shifted other parts of South America from the Falkland Islands to Fortaleza, Brazil. For example, it moved Argentina's capital of Buenos Aires about 2.5 cm (1 in) to the west.[21] Several cities south of Cobquecura were also raised, by up to 3 meters.[22] The maximum recorded peak ground acceleration was at Concepcion, with a value of 0.65 g (6.38 m/s2).[23]




USGS shake map of the earthquake



Compared with past earthquakes


See also: Earthquakes in 2010

This was the strongest earthquake affecting Chile since the magnitude 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake (the most energetic earthquake ever measured in the world), and it was the strongest earthquake worldwide since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and until the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake.[24] It is tied with the 1906 Ecuador–Colombia and 1833 Sumatra earthquakes as the sixth strongest earthquake ever measured, approximately 500 times more powerful than the 7.0 Mw earthquake in Haiti one month prior in January 2010.[25]



Aftershocks


An aftershock of 6.2 was recorded 20 minutes after the initial quake.[26][27] Two more aftershocks of magnitudes 5.4 and 5.6 followed within an hour of the initial quake.[27] The USGS said that "a large vigorous aftershock sequence can be expected from this earthquake".[2] By 6 March UTC, more than 130 aftershocks had been registered, including thirteen above magnitude 6.0.[28]


Shortly after the mainshock seismologists installed a dense network of seismometers along the whole rupture area. This network captured 20.000 aftershocks in the 6 months after the mainshock and shows a detailed picture of the structure of the Chilean margin.[29] Seismicity is focused in the depth range 25–35 km and in a deeper band of between 45 and 50 km depth. Around 10.000 aftershocks occurred in the region of two large aftershocks in the Pichilemu region.


A 6.9-magnitude offshore earthquake struck approximately 300 kilometers southwest of, and less than 90 minutes after, the initial shock; however, it is not clear if that quake is related to the main shock.[30] A separate earthquake of magnitude 6.3 occurred in Salta, Argentina, at 15:45 UTC on 27 February, at a depth of 38.2 km (23.7 mi);[31] two people were injured and one died in Salta.[32] This earthquake was followed on 1 March, at 06:32 UTC by a magnitude 4.9 aftershock.[33] Four other earthquakes above M5.0, some possible aftershocks, also occurred near the border in Argentina following the Chile earthquake; a magnitude 5.0 earthquake occurred in Mendoza on 28 February, a M5.3 earthquake in Neuquen and a M5.2 in San Juan on 2 March, and a M5.1 quake in Mendoza on 4 March.[34][35][36][37]


Another strong earthquake occurred on 4 March, at 22:39 UTC in Antofagasta in northern Chile, with a magnitude of 6.3.[38]


Minor quakes generated by the main one could be felt as far away as São Paulo, Brazil,[39] located about 3,000 km (1,900 mi) away from Concepción. Since the major earthquake, and as of 15 March, at least four to forty >M5.0 earthquakes have been recorded daily in the vicinity of the main earthquake,[40] including four above magnitude 6.0 between 3 March and 6 March.[27]


On 5 March, two aftershocks above M6.0 were reported. The first was a 6.3-magnitude off the coast of the Biobío Region. The second was near the epicenter of the original quake at 08:47 local time with a magnitude of 6.6.[41]


On 11 March, the March 2010 Chile earthquake (magnitude 6.9, treated by some as an aftershock of the February 2010 earthquake) was reported, followed quickly by further aftershocks measuring 6.7 and 6.0. The epicenter of the 6.9 quake was in Pichilemu, O'Higgins Region.[42][43]


On 15 March, two aftershocks of the February 2010 earthquake were reported, one at magnitude 6.2 at 08:08:28 local time offshore Maule,[44] and another at magnitude 6.7 with the epicenter located offshore the Biobío Region, near Cobquecura, at 23:21:58 local time.[45] This tremor was followed by two minor aftershocks, one occurring 45 minutes later, measuring M5.5. No tsunami was reported and there were no tsunami warnings issued.


On 17 March, at 14:38:37 local time, an earthquake of magnitude 5.2 was recorded in Aisén, in Southern Chile.[46] Another magnitude 5.2 earthquake was recorded in Los Lagos the next day. On 26 March, at 10:52:06 local time, a magnitude 6.2 earthquake hit the Atacama region, in Northern Chile.[47]






The Biobio Region of Chile has had strong aftershocks of this earthquake. The first one was a magnitude 6.7 MW earthquake that struck off the coast of Biobío, Chile, at 23:21 on 15 March 2010 at the epicenter, at a depth of 18 kilometres (11 mi). The second earthquake struck on land in the region at 22:58 (UTC) on 2 April 2010 at 5.9 MW and at a depth of 39 km. The third struck on 10:03 (UTC) on 23 April 2010 at 6.2 MW.[48] The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center said that historical data indicates that this quake will not generate a tsunami but still advised of the possibility.[49] On 3 May, at 19:09 a 6.4 MW earthquake magnitude struck off Biobío, Chile, at the epicenter, at a depth of 20 kilometres (12 mi). The epicenter was 55 kilometres (34 mi) south of Lebu.[50] On 14 July 2010, another 6.5 magnitude earthquake occurred in the area.



2011 aftershocks


On 2 January at 17:20:18 local time, a 7.1 magnitude aftershock occurred 70 kilometers northwest of Temuco, Chile.[51] On Lautaro, Cañete, Nueva Imperial, Traiguén and Carahue the quake was felt at intensity VI (strong) of the Mercalli intensity scale. In Temuco it was perceived at intensity V (moderate). In Talcahuano, Concepción, Chillán, Osorno and Valdivia it shook at intensity IV (light).[52] According to the USGS the earthquake's epicenter was located on the ground, east of the coastal town of Tirúa in the Araucanía Region. However, according to the University of Chile's Seismological Service, the seismic event was located 134 kilometers off the coast of Tirúa, measuring a magnitude 6.9 ML. The University of Chile also reported that the localities who received the strongest shaking (VI) were Curanilahue, Lebu and Tirúa. In Concepción, Talcahuano and Temuco it was felt at intensity V, and in Chillán and Valdivia at intensity IV.[53]


A magnitude 6.2 Mw aftershock struck the coast of Biobío, Chile at a shallow depth of 15.1 km (9.4 mi) on 1 June 2011 at 08:55 local time (12:55  UTC).[54] It was centered just offshore Arauco Province near a moderately populated area, with most structures in its vicinity reported to be resistant to earthquake shaking. Strong shaking registering at VI on the Mercalli intensity scale was felt in Lebu, just 7 km (4 ) south of the epicenter, lasting for approximately one minute.[55][56] Some residents in coastal areas panicked and evacuated their homes.[57] The earthquake was followed by a moderate magnitude 5.1 Mw tremor that occurred about 52 minutes later to the northeast of the main shock epicenter at an estimated depth of 26.9 km (16.7 mi).[58] Initial estimates from the USGS placed its intensity at a magnitude of 6.4 Mw.[59]



Geophysical impact


Seismologists estimate that the earthquake was so powerful that it may have shortened the length of the day by 1.26 microseconds and moved the Earth's figure axis by 2.7 milliarcseconds (about 8 cm).[60][61] Precise GPS measurement indicated the telluric movement moved the entire city of Concepción 3.04 metres (10.0 ft) to the west. The capital Santiago experienced a displacement of almost 24 centimetres (9.4 in) west, and even Buenos Aires, about 1,350 kilometres (840 mi) from Concepción,[62] shifted 4 centimetres (1.6 in).[63][64] It is estimated that Chile's territory could have expanded 1.2 km² (0.46 mi²) as a result.[65]


The earthquake also caused seiches to occur in Lake Pontchartrain to the north of New Orleans, United States, located nearly 7,500 kilometres (4,700 mi) from the epicenter of the quake.[66]



Damage and casualties






People were found dead after the earthquake struck, mostly under buildings and inside cars. Many people were also seriously injured. Most injuries were reported in Santiago and Maule.


According to an Associated Press Television News cameraman, some buildings collapsed in Santiago and there were power outages in parts of the city.[67] A fire was reported in a chemical plant on the outskirts of Santiago and caused the evacuation of the neighborhood.[26] Santiago's International Airport seemed to have been damaged and the airport authority closed off all flight operations for 24 hours from around 12:00 UTC.[5] On Sunday, 28 February, Ricardo Ortega, head of the Chilean Air Force, said commercial airline services had been partially re-established and aircraft were being allowed to land in Santiago.[68]


Santiago's national Fine Arts Museum was badly damaged and did not reopen until 9 March 2010.[69] An apartment building's two-story parking lot collapsed, wrecking 68 cars. According to one health official, three hospitals in Santiago collapsed, and a dozen more south of the capital also suffered significant damage.[70]






  • House uprooted to the streets of Pelluhue after the tsunami.







  • A severely damaged building in Maipú, Santiago.







  • Tsunami in Talcahuano, Biobío Region.







  • Collapsed Vespucio Norte Express Highway in Santiago.







  • Fruit Road, O'Higgins Region.





In Valparaíso, a tsunami wave of 1.29 m was reported. The port of Valparaíso was ordered to be closed due to the damage caused by the earthquake. The port started to resume limited operations on 28 February.[71] In Viña del Mar, a touristic city and part of Greater Valparaíso, several buildings were structurally damaged, principally in the district Plan de Viña.[72]


Many cities in Maule region were seriously affected by the earthquake. Curanipe, only 8 km (5 mi) from the epicenter, was hit by a tsunami after the earthquake and still remained isolated from outside as of 28 February.[73] A surfer said the tsunami "...was like the one in Thailand, a sudden rise of water. One could not estimate the dimension of the wave, because it was advancing foam. There were 10 to 15 rises, the last one being at 08:30 in the morning."[74] In Talca, the capital of Maule region, many dead were trapped in the rubble. The administrative building was uninhabitable, and the authorities had to be set up in the parade ground.[75] All but two of the local hospital's thirteen wings were in ruins. Dr. Claudio Martínez was quoted as saying, "We're only keeping the people in danger of dying." Hospital staff attempted to transport some patients to Santiago on Sunday morning, but roads were blocked.[76]


Damaged buildings and fires were reported in Concepción.[77] Rescue teams had difficulty accessing Concepción because of the damaged infrastructure.[26] The fifteen-story residential building "Alto Río" fell backwards, horizontally lay on the ground, and trapped many of the residents. As the building was newly completed, 19 of the apartments were occupied and 36 were unknown if there were residents therein.[78][79][80] A 2.34 m (7.68 ft) tsunami wave hit Talcahuano, a port city and part of the Concepción conurbation. The tsunami caused serious damage to port facilities and lifted boats out of the water.[81] In the fishing town of Dichato, which has 7,000 residents, it was the third tsunami wave that ended up being the most damaging.[82]


Dilapidated buildings could be seen on the streets of Temuco, about 400 km (250 mi) from the epicenter. The adobe of some buildings fell. Façades fell in pieces and crushed cars. Two people were reported dead because of not having been able to escape from a nightclub. On 27 February, it was reported that "to find an open business is almost impossible" ("Encontrar un negocio abierto es casi imposible").[83][84]


In Chile, 370,000 homes were damaged.[85] The final death toll of 525 victims and 25 people missing was announced by authorities in January 2011.[4] This is down from early reports on 3 March of 802 people dead.[86]


The Chilean National Emergency Office (Oficina Nacional de Emergencia) estimated that the intensity of the earthquake was 9 on the Mercalli intensity scale in the Biobío Region and 8 in Santiago.[26][87] USGS put the intensity in Talcahuano at MM VIII, in Santiago and Concepción at MM VII and in Valparaíso at MM VI.[3]


On 10 March, Swiss Reinsurance Co. estimated that the Chilean quake would cost the insurance industry between 4 and 7 billion dollars. The same estimate was echoed by the rival German-based Munich Re AG.[15]






  • Fire at a plastics plant, Santiago, Chile.







  • Hernán Henríquez Hospital of Temuco had to be evacuated after the earthquake.







  • A car crushed by the rubble of a collapsed building in Temuco.






Modified Mercalli intensities for some localities































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Locality Country USGS[88]
 SS[1]
 Population[88]
Angol
 Chile		 VII 45k
Antofagasta
 Chile		 II
Arauco
 Chile		 VIII 25k
Buín
 Chile		 VII 55k
Bulnes
 Chile		 VII 13k
Cabrero
 Chile		 VIII 18k
Calama
 Chile		 II
Cañete
 Chile		 VIII 20k
Carahue
 Chile		 VI 12k
Cauquenes
 Chile		 VIII 31k
Chiguayante
 Chile		 VII 83k
Chillán
 Chile		 VII 150k
Chimbarongo
 Chile		 VII 17k
Coihueco
 Chile		 VII 7k
Collipulli
 Chile		 VII 16k
Concepción
 Chile		 VIII IX 215k
Constitución
 Chile		 VIII 38k
Copiapó
 Chile		 III
Coquimbo
 Chile		 V
Coronel
 Chile		 VIII 93k
Corral
 Chile		 V 4k
Curanilahue
 Chile		 VIII 31k
Curicó
 Chile		 VII 102k
Cutral-Co
 Argentina		 V 47k
El Monte
 Chile		 VIII 23k
Freire
 Chile		 VII 8k
General Roca
 Argentina		 IV 73k
Graneros
 Chile		 VII 23k
La Calera
 Chile		 VII 49k
Huayco
 Chile		 III
Illapel
 Chile		 VI 23k
Laja
 Chile		 VII 17k
La Ligua
 Chile		 VII 25k
La Unión
 Chile		 VI 26k
Lampa
 Chile		 VI 29k
Las Ánimas VI 30k
Las Gaviotas
 Argentina		 V 2k
Lautaro
 Chile		 VII 22k
Lebu
 Chile		 VII 22k
Limache
 Chile		 VII 36k
Linares
 Chile		 VII 70k
Llaillay
 Chile		 VI 17k
Loncoche
 Chile		 VI 16k
Longaví
 Chile		 VII 6k
Los Andes
 Chile		 VII 57k
Los Ángeles
 Chile		 VII 125k
Lota
 Chile		 VII 50k
Machali
 Chile		 VII 28k
Melipilla
 Chile		 VII 63k
Mendoza
 Argentina		 V 877k
Molina
 Chile		 VII 29k
Mulchén
 Chile		 VII 22k
Nacimiento
 Chile		 VII 21k
Neuquén
 Argentina		 IV 242k
Nueva Imperial
 Chile		 VI 19k
Osorno
 Chile		 VI 136k
Paine
 Chile		 VII 33k
Panguipulli
 Chile		 VI 16k
Parral
 Chile		 VIII 27k
Peñaflor
 Chile		 VII 66k
Penco
 Chile		 VII 46k
Pitrufquen
 Chile		 VI 14k
Puerto Montt
 Chile		 V
Quillota
 Chile		 VII 68k
Quilpué
 Chile		 VII 130k
Rancagua
 Chile		 VII VIII 213k
Rengo
 Chile		 VII 38k
Río Bueno
 Chile		 V 15k
Salamanca
 Chile		 VI 13k
San Antonio
 Chile		 VII 86k
San Bernardo
 Chile		 VII 250k
San Carlos
 Chile		 VII 32k
San Clemente
 Chile		 VII 14k
San Felipe
 Chile		 VII 59k
San Javier
 Chile		 VII 22k
San Juan
 Argentina		 V 447k
San Luis
 Argentina		 V 184k
San Martín
 Argentina		 V 83k
San Rafael
 Argentina		 V 109k
San Vicente
 Chile		 VII 23k
Santa Cruz
 Chile		 VII 33k
Santiago
 Chile		 VII VIII 4,837k
Talagante
 Chile		 VII 52k
Talca
 Chile		 VII VIII 197k
Talcahuano
 Chile		 VII 253k
Temuco
 Chile		 VII VIII 238k
Teno
 Chile		 VII 7k
Tierra Amarilla
 Chile		 III
Tomé
 Chile		 VIII 47k
Traiguén
 Chile		 VII 14k
Valdivia
 Chile		 VI VI 133k
Valparaíso
 Chile		 VII VI 282k
Victoria
 Chile		 VII 25k
Vicuña
 Chile		 III-IV
Vilcún
 Chile		 VI 9k
Villa Alemana
 Chile		 VII 97k
Villarrica
 Chile		 VI 32k
Viña del Mar
 Chile		 VII VI 295k
Yumbel
 Chile		 VII 11k

Notes: USGS=United States Geological Survey, SS=Chile's Seismological Service.



Identified fatalities































































































Deaths caused by the earthquake and tsunami by region[note 1]
Region
 27. February[89]
 28. February[90]
 1. March[91]
 2. March[92]
 3. March[93]
 4. March[94]
 5. March[95]
 8. March[96]

050Valparaíso
 4
 16
 16
 18
 20
 16
24

055Metropolitana
 13
 36
 38
 38
 38
 21
23

060O'Higgins
 12
 46
 48
 48
 48
 3
46

070Maule
 34
 541
 544
 587
 587
 177
269

080Biobio
 10
 64
 64
 92
 92
 56
120

090Araucanía
 5
 5
 13
 13
 14
 6
15

National total
 78
 708
 723
 796
 799
 279
 452
 497


Geographic distribution of the death toll (red: caused by the earthquake; blue: caused by the tsunami).


Population with destroyed or severely damaged homes


The table below shows the percentage of the regional population whose homes were destroyed or were severely damaged by the earthquake and tsunami in the six most affected regions. The data were collected between May and June 2010.



































Region
(north to south)		 Percentage of
regional population
Valparaíso 7.4
Santiago 4.8
O'Higgins 12.2
Maule 20.7
Biobío 17.8
Araucanía 5.1
Total (six regions) 8.8

Source: Casen Post-Earthquake Survey, Ministry of Planning.



Humanitarian response


Main articles: Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake and Timeline of relief efforts after the 2010 Chile earthquake

Despite President Michelle Bachelet's earlier statement that Chile would only ask for international aid once it had assessed the extent of the damage,[97] leaders of many countries and intergovernmental organizations, including the United Nations and European Union, responded to the earthquake and sent messages of condolence to the government and people of Chile over the loss of lives and property. Argentina, Mexico, the United States, United Kingdom, People's Republic of China, Singapore, Haiti, and Pakistan were among the countries that responded earliest following the quake.[98][99] Appeals for humanitarian aid were issued by the UK-based Oxfam, Save the Children and others.


Chilean television host Don Francisco led a telethon called Chile helps Chile with the goal of raising 15 billion pesos (about US$29 million) needed to build 30,000 emergency houses ("mediaguas"). The charity event, which ran for 24 hours in Santiago starting on Friday 5 March at 22:00, was summoned by the government and organized by several Chilean NGOs. At 23:00 on Saturday the goal was doubled, collecting 30.2 billion pesos (about US$58 million).[100]


The Chilean NGO Un Techo para Chile constructed 23,886 transitional houses for families affected by the earthquake.[101]



Conditions in the aftermath



Chaos and disorder






Nearly half the places in the country were declared "catastrophe zones", and curfews were imposed in some areas of looting and public disorder.[102] On 28 February 2010, a day after the earthquake, some affected cities were chaotic, with extensive looting of supermarkets in Concepción. Items stolen included not only food and other necessities, but also electronic goods and other durable merchandise. To control vandalism, a special force of carabineros (police) was sent to disperse rioters with tear gas and water cannons.[103] However, measures were taken late. The outgoing president didn't want to remind people of the Dictatorship years by militarizing the streets, thus failed to provide assistance on time to the city.[citation needed] When the situation became unsustainable and all sectors of the population were demanding actions, the government authorized the use of the military to control the affected cities. Despite these and other government acts (including the curfews), pillaging continued in both urban and rural areas of the affected zones.[104] Reportedly, military police arrested 160 in Concepción on 1 and 2 March.[105]




Kiosks destroyed by the tsunami in Pichilemu.


In Concepción, despite the militarization of the zone, mobs continued to steal from supermarkets and went as far as to set one store ablaze.[106] The government warned looters they would face the full weight of the law, as penalties for stealing are increased under a state of catastrophe. A week after the quake the police—tipped by neighbors—arrested three people with massive quantities of looted goods stashed in their homes. Other looted goods such as mattresses, furniture, television sets and other electronic appliances were abandoned in the streets of Concepción during the following days.[107]




The damaged Museum of Fine Arts


According to the BBC on 5 March, the city and fishing port of Talcahuano, which lies but a few kilometers down the coast from Concepción, has been left largely to fend for itself. Neighbourhood vigilante groups, including one led by a public works employee with a gun license, and the few police present allow such behavior as residents' siphoning fuel from tanks at a petrol station, but step in if someone starts to attack a cash machine. One man stated, "I've personally saved dozens of people from attack in this apartment block."[108]


Chileans living in regions not affected by the earthquake (including those living abroad) also grieved, as they sought to learn more regarding kinsmen and friends affected by the earthquake. In the hardest-hit zones there was no communication with the exterior because of the failure of electricity and the destruction of telephone lines.[104]



Prison escape


In the prison of El Manzano in Concepción, a prison riot began after a failed escape attempt by the inmates. Different parts of the prison were set afire and the riot was brought under control only after the guards shot into the air and received help from military units.[109]


By 1 March, prison guards in a prison in Chillán had recaptured 36 of 203 prisoners who had escaped following the earthquake. During their escape, prisoners burned seven houses close to the prison. A witness in Chillán asserted that he had been robbed by prisoners with a machine gun who had also forced his girlfriend to kiss them. Another witness alleged sexual molestation by around twenty men who were believed to be escaped prisoners. The leading Chilean newspaper El Mercurio described the situation in Chillán as reminiscent of the "Wild West".[109]



Government response


Four hours after the earthquake, when the death count was still low, President Bachelet gave a press conference in which she informed the population of the situation and stated that Chile did not yet need international aid.[97]
However, about two million people were affected by the quake with more than 500,000 houses uninhabitable. In many cities, people slept in tents, in parks or simply on the streets for fear of aftershocks. The government began distributing food and other vital aid around the country.[110]


On 28 February, President Bachelet said that her government had reached an agreement with the major supermarkets which would allow them to give away basic foodstuffs in stock to people affected by the earthquake.[111]
By 28 February, the Santiago Metro rapid-transit network was already partially up and running and expected to be fully operative on the following day, 1 March.[112]


On 4 March, President-elect Sebastián Piñera, who assumed office on 11 March, was quoted as saying that his goals were "to cope with the emergency needs of citizens, find people who are still missing, provide prompt and timely assistance to the sick and wounded, and restore law and order so that people can return to peace."[113]



Economic recovery


Authorities of the central port city of San Antonio speaking on 3 March 2010, stated that the port had returned to eighty percent of capacity. On the same date, Raul Maturana, a spokesman for the Federation of Port Workers' union, stated that the port of Valparaíso was operating normally. However, ports in southern Chile, which were closer to the epicenter, remained closed.[114]


On 4 March, President Bachelet said that Chile would need international loans and three to four years to rebuild.[115]



Food scarcity


On 10 March the National Commission for Agricultural emergencies (CNEA) assured that milk and wheat prices would not rise, despite fears of lack of fuel supply for transport and harvest of these products. In the same CNEA report the mill associations of central and southern Chile are said to have expressed that they had currently no production difficulties.[116] Despite this on 11 March newspaper La Segunda cited the president of the bakeries association complaining on unjustified price rises for flour, who said of cases of price rises of 10 to 20%.[117]


The earthquake affected production at the Compañía de Cervecerías Unidas (CCU) and Cervecería Chile factories that together have a 90% share of the Chilean beer market. With an average annual per capita consumption of 36 liters, scarcity caused prices to rise from 990–1500 to 2000 Chilean pesos per litre. CCU responded by increasing capacity of their plant in Temuco that did not suffer major damage during the earthquake and by importing beer from their factories in Argentina. 50 trucks with beer are reported to have reached Santiago from Argentina. In March 2010, ten CCU executives said that the country will not run out of beer and that within two to three months production levels would be normalized.[118] Liquor store owners expressed complaints regarding a beer rationing scheme implemented by CCU. The scarcity favoured consumption of "premium beers" like Kunstmann and Paceña.[119]



Tsunami


A tsunami warning was first declared for Chile and Peru,[120] and a tsunami watch for Ecuador, Colombia, Antarctica, Panama and Costa Rica.[121][122] The warning was later extended to a Pacific Ocean-wide warning, covering all coastal areas on the Pacific Ocean except the west coast of the United States, British Columbia, and Alaska.[123] Hawaiian media reported that tsunami warning sirens first sounded at 06:00 local time.[124] The U.S. Tsunami Warning Center issued advisories about potential tsunami of less than 1 m (3 ft 3 in) striking the Pacific Ocean coastline between California and most of Alaska late in the afternoon or through the evening 12 or more hours after the initial earthquake.[125] Although the earthquake killed far fewer people than the Haitian earthquake less than 7 weeks prior, it was still devastating. The tsunami warning was cancelled for all countries except Japan and Russia in PTWC Bulletin 18 of 00:12 UTC on 28 February 2010.[126]


In general, tsunamis tend to come in several waves, of which the first may not be the highest.[127][128]



The tsunami's passage as recorded by National Data Buoy Center Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) buoy 34142, located in the southeastern Pacific Ocean 630 nautical miles (1170 km) southwest of Lima, Peru.


The U.S. National Weather Service's Pacific Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning throughout a huge swathe of the Pacific region, including Antarctica.[129] In the Americas, the warning extended to Chile (including Easter Island), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Panama.[129] A warning was also issued for the Oceania and Pacific Islands nations and territories of American Samoa, Australia, the Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia (including the FSM states of Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei and Yap), Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, Jarvis Island, Johnston Island, the Kermadec Islands, Kiribati, Marcus Island, the Marshall Islands, Midway Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Wallis and Futuna and Wake Island.[129] Tsunami warnings were also in effect as far away as East and Southeast Asia including Japan, Indonesia, Hong Kong,[130] the Philippines, Russia and Taiwan.[129]


Coastal areas of Canada's westernmost province British Columbia was under a tsunami advisory, and this was the most alarming advisory as the earthquake occurred during the same time as the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.[131] No large wave was expected to strike British Columbia, but strong local ocean currents combined with a wave put low-lying coastal regions at risk of flooding.[131] The first wave was expected to reach southern British Columbia at 15:11 local time.[131] Residents were advised to avoid beaches, harbours and marinas.[132]


A tsunami advisory was also issued for coastal areas of California, Oregon, Washington and southern Alaska in the United States.[133] This tsunami advisory was canceled as of 07:13
UTD on 28 February.[134]


Russian authorities lifted a tsunami alert for the Kamchatka coast, after the arrival of a 0.8 m (2.6 ft) surge that caused no damage.[135] The tsunami was also reported to be small along the Japanese coast, and passed without incident. Many coastal areas in Japan had been evacuated as a precaution.[136]


The projections use DART (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis) gauges spread along the sea floor, which is a fairly new technology. Initial deep sea readings showed wave height of 25 centimeters, which is huge for deep water, according to Gerard Fryer of the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. He went on to say, "although it was huge, we didn't quite know what it meant because we haven't much experience with those. As we get more under our belts, we'll get better."[137]



Chile





Agustín Ross balcony damaged after the earthquake and tsunami in Pichilemu.


Some 30 minutes after the first shock, consecutive tsunamis hit coastal towns, among which Constitución suffered the hardest damage;[138] subsequently, a tsunami amplitude of up to 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in) high was recorded in the sea at Valparaíso.[26][139][140] A wave amplitude of 2.34 m (7.68 ft) was recorded at Talcahuano in the Biobío Region.[141]Robinson Crusoe Island, the largest of the Juan Fernández Islands, was struck by a large wave led to the deaths of four people on the island, with eleven people reported as missing, according to Provincial Governor Ivan De La Maza. President Bachelet is reported to have sent an aid mission to the remote island.[142][143]


As a precaution against the coming tsunami, partial evacuation was ordered in Easter Island, about 3,510 km (2,180 mi) away from the coast of Chile. The tsunami wave arrived in Easter Island at 12:05 UTC, measuring 0.35 m (1.15 ft).[144][145]


On 27 February, defense minister Francisco Vidal said that the Chilean Navy had made a mistake by not immediately issuing a tsunami warning after the earthquake, a step that could have helped coastal villagers flee to higher ground sooner. However, an alarm was later sounded by port captains and saved some lives.[146] Mariano Rojas Bustos, then head of Chile's oceanographic service SHOA, which is part of the country's navy, was later fired for the organization's failure to provide clear warnings about the tsunami.[147]



Oceania


New Zealand

Initially, the New Zealand Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management (CDEM) said they did not expect a tsunami to reach New Zealand,[148] but later issued a warning stating that waves of up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high were likely for the eastern[149] and later the entire New Zealand coast.[150] By 19:55 UTC (08:40 local), CDEM reported wave activity of 50 cm (1.6 ft) in the Chatham Islands,[151] and 2 m (6 ft 7 in) surges were reported there later in the morning.[152] A surge 2.2 m (7 ft 3 in) high hit the South Island's Banks Peninsula,[150][153] while surges up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high were reported in the northern North Island.[154] By mid afternoon (local time), Civil Defence had downgraded the tsunami warning to an alert, while still advising that sea levels could change quickly for up to 24 hours from the initial surge.[155]


Antarctica

The U.S. Antarctic Program's coastal station along the Antarctic Peninsula, Palmer Station, went on a tsunami alert shortly after the earthquake struck Chile. To prepare for a possible tsunami, station personnel removed all Zodiac boats from the water and moved any materials from low-lying areas that waves could have swept away. Personnel also retreated to the station's highest building, GWR, while the tsunami warning was in effect, Ellis said. Palmer personnel developed a tsunami emergency plan following the 2004 earthquake in the Indian Ocean that created a tsunami that killed more than 230,000 people in 14 countries. While no noticeable tsunami occurred at Palmer, the station tide monitor displayed bumps of several centimeters, signifying that a small wave had indeed reached the shores of Anvers Island.[156]


Australia

The Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Center (JATWC) sent out tsunami warnings for New South Wales, Queensland, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, Tasmania, and Victoria. The organization warned of the possibility of dangerous waves, strong ocean currents and foreshore flooding to occur on the east coast of Australia for several hours on Sunday.[157]
As a result of the warnings, patrolled beaches in New South Wales and Queensland remained closed (red flags) and lifeguards ushered people to leave the water. However beach goers and surfers ignored the warnings. Numerous onlookers also crowded parts of the shore to view potential effects of the tsunami.[158]
The beach ban was lifted by the end of the day and there was no reports of damage, flooding or other emergencies. Tsunami waves of between 10 cm and 50 cm were recorded and their surges were believed to have created strong currents. Increases in sea levels include: Norfolk Island 50 cm, Gold Coast (Qld) 20 cm, Port Kembla (NSW) 14 cm, Southport (Tas) 17 cm.[158]


French Polynesia

A wave measuring up to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) high struck portions of French Polynesia between 15:50 to 17:50 UTC with no reports of injuries as of February 28, 2010[update].[159] A wave 4 meters high is reported to have struck Hiva Oa in the Marquesas Islands.[160] The first waves were expected to hit the main island of Tahiti at approximately 16:50 UTC (07:50 local).[161] Cars and other automobiles were banned from roads closer than 500 m (1,600 ft) from the Pacific Ocean.[161]


Réseau France Outre-mer in Papeete reported that a wave measuring less than 1 m (3 ft 3 in) passed east of the Gambier Islands with no damage, according to Monique Richeton, the mayor of Rikitea.[162][161] Residents of the Tuamotus, which are low-lying, were told to move to the highest points on the island.[161]


American Samoa

The first wave was expected to reach American Samoa, which is still recovering from the 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami, at 08:51 local time.[161]Lieutenant Governor Ipulasi Aitofele Sunia urged residents not to rush to A'oloau, a high elevation area on Tutuila, as it could cause traffic jams, putting safety at risk.[161] Many coastal towns, including the main city of Pago Pago, had already been heavily damaged in the 2009 tsunami. The first wave arrived on Pago Plaza at 21:58 UTC.


Philippines

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) issued an advisory that tsunami wave(s)
were expected to hit the eastern coast of the Philippines on Sunday between 05:00 and 06:30 UTC (13:00 and 14:30 local). Residents of 19 eastern provinces "are advised to prepare for possible evacuation."[163] However, at 15:15 on 28 February 2010, all warnings have been cancelled.[164]


Hawaii

United States Senators Daniel Inouye and Daniel Akaka issued a joint press release announcing the first tsunami evacuation in Hawaii since 1994.[165][166] Warning sirens were sounded throughout the state, as hotels in Waikiki evacuated tourists at 6 a.m. People in tall buildings were encouraged to move above the third floor. Waves measuring 2.7 metres high were originally predicted to strike Hilo Bay on the Big Island of Hawai'i at 11:05 local time (21:05 GMT),[167] but by 11:18, major receding and waves had not been reported on the shoreline. By 11:40, several waves hit the islands amounting to raising and lowering of the sea near the coast, and a fourth wave hit around 13:12. The tsunami warning for Hawaii was canceled in the early afternoon on Saturday, 27 February.


Gerard Fryer, a geophysicist for the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center was quoted as saying: “We expected the waves to be bigger in Hawaii, maybe about 50 percent bigger than they actually were."[168] Early in the morning, the Center expected waves of 3 metres. In actuality, the highest tsunami waves ended up being about 1.5 to 1.8 metres peak to trough.[137]



North America


British Columbia

At around 23:00 UTC (15:00 local), a tsunami warning was issued for coastal British Columbia. Extra precautions were already in place due to the 2010 Winter Olympics being held in Vancouver at the time.[169]


California

Small waves were expected in Southern California, and receding was reported at Long Beach. Minor damage was reported on some coastal areas. The tsunami damaged navigation buoys at Ventura.[170] Additionally, a boat was torn loose from its mooring and minor erosion occurred within Ventura Harbor. Damage to docks and pilings in the area was moderate.[171]


Guerrero

In Guerrero, surges of between 30 cm and 1 meter and receding of up to 10 m were reported, and three small vessels were sunk at Tecpán de Galeana. The state tourism authorities announced they would be sending a letter to the CNN news network to protest the "alarming" way in which it had forecast a tsunami for the major tourist destination of Acapulco.[172]



Tsunami-related aid given


Argentina has sent construction teams to Chiloé Island to help reconstruct some of the washed away coastal buildings. In July 2010, the government of Argentina released a statement that they would lend $300 million to Chile for reconstruction efforts using Argentine goods.[173]



Data


The following data, published by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center and the National Tsunami Warning Center, lists measured and reported values of the tsunami when it arrived at specific places. Some data is taken from the Chilean Army.
















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Tsunami arrival data[141][174][175]
Station
 Country or territory
 Latitude
 Longitude
 Time (UTC)
 Height (m)
 Height (ft)
Pichilemu
 Chile		 34.23 S 72.0 W 06:48 3.02 10.0
Talcahuano
 Chile		 36.9 S 75.4 W 06:53 2.34 7.7
Valparaíso
 Chile		 33 S 71.6 W 07:08 1.29 4.2
Corral
 Chile		 39.9 S 73.4 W 07:39 0.90 2.9
San Felix
 Chile		 26.3 S 80.1 W 08:15 0.53 1.7
Caldera
 Chile		 27.1 S 70.8 W 08:34 0.45 1.5
Ancud
 Chile		 41.9 S 73.8 W 08:38 0.62 2.0
Coquimbo
 Chile		 30 S 71.3 W 08:52 1.32 4.3
Iquique
 Chile		 20.2 S 70.1 W 09:07 0.28 0.9

DART Lima
 Peru		 18 S 86.4 W 09:41 0.24 0.8
Antofagasta
 Chile		 23.2 S 70.4 W 09:41 0.49 1.6
Arica
 Chile		 18.5 S 70.3 W 10:08 0.94 3.1
Callao
 Peru		 12.1 S 77.2 W 10:29 0.36 1.2
Easter Island
 Chile		 27.2 S 109.5 W 12:05 0.35 1.1
Quepos
 Costa Rica		 9.45 N 84.15 W 14:16 0.24 0.8
Galapagos Islands
 Ecuador		 0.4 S 90.3 W 14:52 0.35 1.2

DART Marquesas Islands
 French Polynesia		 8.5 S 125 W 15:31 0.18 0.6
Rikitea
 French Polynesia		 23.1 S 134.9 W 15:59 0.15 0.5

DART Manzanillo
 16.0 N 107 W 16:11 0.07 0.2
Manzanillo
 Mexico		 19.1 N 104.3 W 17:05 0.32 1.0
Hiva Oa
 French Polynesia		 9.8 S 139.0 W 17:41 1.79 5.9
Nuku Hiva
 French Polynesia		 8.9 S 140.1 W 17:45 0.95 3.1
Papeete
 French Polynesia		 17.5 N 149.6 W 18:10 0.16 0.5
Cabo San Lucas
 Mexico		 22.9 N 109.9 W 18:33 0.36 1.2
Rarotonga
 Cook Islands		 21.2 S 159.8 W 19:07 0.15 0.5
Acapulco
 Mexico		 16.8 N 99.9 W 19:31 0.62 2.0

DART San Diego
 32.2 N 120.7 W 19:31 0.06 0.2
Lottin Point
 New Zealand		 37.6 S 178.2 E 19:34 0.15 0.5

DART Tonga
 23 S 168.1 W 20:03 0.04 0.1
Apia
 Samoa		 13.8 S 171.8 W 20:18 0.13 0.4
Nukualofa
 Tonga		 21.1 S 175.2 W 20:24 0.1 0.3
Pago Pago
 American Samoa		 14.3 S 170.7 W 20:27 0.22 0.7
Monterey, California
 United States		 36.6 N 121.9 W 20:31 0.28 1.1
San Diego, California
 United States		 32.7 N 117.2 W 20:36 0.13 0.4
San Francisco, California
 United States		 37.8 N 122.5 W 21:20 0.26 0.8
Hilo, Hawaii
 United States		 19.7 N 154.9 W 21:20 0.86 2.8
Kuamalapau, Hawaii
 United States		 20.8 N 156.9 W 21:36 0.18 0.6
Kahului, Hawaii
 United States		 20.9 N 156.5 W 21:47 0.98 3.2
Santa Barbara, California
 United States		 34.4 N 119.7 W 21:50 0.53 1.7
Barber's Point, Hawaii
 United States		 21.3 N 158.1 W 21:57 0.12 0.4
Honolulu, Hawaii
 United States		 21.3 N 150.4 W 22:00 0.25 0.8
Kawaihae, Hawaii
 United States		 20 N 155.5 W 22:11 0.52 1.7
Crescent City, California
 United States		 41.7 N 124.2 W 22:13 0.37 1.2
Vanuatu
 Vanuatu		 17.8 S 168.3 E 22:46 0.15 0.5
Johnston Atoll
 United States		 16.7 N 169.5 W 22:48 0.22 0.7
Nawiliwili, Hawaii
 United States		 22 N 159.4 W 23:23 0.37 1.2
Sitka, Alaska
 United States		 57.1 N 135.3 W 00:11 28 Feb 0.08 0.3
Guam
Guam Guam
 13.4 N 144.7 E 03:07 0.16 0.5

Minamitorishima[176]
 Japan		 24.1N 153.5E 03:43 0.1 0.3

DART Saipan
 19.1 N 155.8 E 03:55 0.08 0.3

Otsuchi, Iwate[citation needed]
 Japan		 39.21 N 141.54 E 06:43 1.45 4.35

Yamada, Iwate[citation needed]
 Japan		 39.47 N 141.95 E 08:14 1.61 4.85

Hachinohe, Aomori[citation needed]
 Japan		 40.30 N 141.29 E 08:44 0.9 2.7

Nemuro, Hokkaido[citation needed]
 Japan		 43.20 N 145.35 E 09:23 1.0 3.0

Kuji, Iwate[citation needed]
 Japan		 40.11 N 141.46 E 10:01 1.2 3.6

Susaki, Kōchi[citation needed]
 Japan		 33.24 N 133.17 E 10:42 1.2 3.6

Shibushi, Kagoshima[citation needed]
 Japan		 31.30 N 131.03 E 10:56 1.0 3.0


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  • Tsunami ETA NOAA (hour 0=06:34 UTC 27 Feb)







  • The energy model map of the tsunami.







  • Countries with coastal areas that were at risk (in pink).







See also




  • 03:34: Earthquake in Chile

  • 2010 Chile blackout

  • 2010 Haiti earthquake

  • 2010 Pichilemu earthquake

  • 2011 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption

  • Aftershock (2012 film)

  • List of 21st-century earthquakes

  • List of earthquakes in 2010

  • List of earthquakes in Chile

  • Lists of earthquakes

  • Seismicity of the Chilean coast

  • The Year of the Tiger



Notes





  1. ^ The numbers were given by Chilean National Emergency Office (ONEMI) until 3. March. Up 14. March the Ministry of the Interior.




References





  1. ^ abcdefghi Informe de sismo sensible (in Spanish), Servicio Sismológico, Universidad de Chile, 27 February 2010, sismologia.cl, retrieved 20 January 2013.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


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  5. ^ ab "Reuters earthquake report". Reuters. 10 June 2010. Archived from the original on 28 February 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2010.


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  15. ^ ab Swiss Re puts Chile quake insurance cost at $4-7BN, Associated Press, 10 March 2010.


  16. ^ UNEP Year Book2011, An Overview of Our Changing Environment Archived 6 July 2013 at WebCite, United Nations Environment Programme 2011 page 2


  17. ^ Jara-Muñoz, Julius; Melnick, Daniel; Dominik, Brill; Strecker, Manfred R. (2015), "Segmentation of the 2010 Maule earthquake rupture from a joint analysis of uplifted marine terraces and seismic cycle deformation", Quaternary Science Reviews, 113: 171–192


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  19. ^ Fountain, Henry (27 February 2010). "Underwater Plate Cuts 400-Mile Gash". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 March 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2010.


  20. ^ "Researchers show how far South American cities moved in quake, Research News, Ohio State University, March 8, 2010". Researchnews.osu.edu. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2011.


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  23. ^ Araneda, J.C.; Rudnick, H.; Mocarquer, S.; Miguel, P. (October 2010). Lessons from the 2010 Chilean earthquake and its impact on electricity supply. 2010 International Conference on Power System Technology (Powercon 2010). Hangzhou, China. ISBN 978-1-4244-5940-7.


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External links
















  • Maps of the Chile Earthquake – The New York Times


  • Tsunami Event – February 27, 2010 Chile – NOAA Center for Tsunami Research


  • Chilean Earthquake Toll Passes 800; Aid Yet to Reach Many Devastated Areas – Democracy Now!


  • Tsunami Animation: Maule, Chile 2010 (Mercator) – Pacific Tsunami Warning Center

  • The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.


  • ReliefWeb's main page for this event.










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