Castor oil




For the fictional character, see Castor Oyl.



Castor beans




A bottle of castor oil


Castor oil is a vegetable oil pressed from castor beans.[1] The name probably comes from its use as a replacement for castoreum.[2]


Castor oil is a colourless to very pale yellow liquid with a distinct taste and odor. Its boiling point is 313 °C (595 °F) and its density is 961 kg/m3.[3] It is a triglyceride in which approximately 90 percent of fatty acid chains are ricinoleates. Oleate and linoleates are the other significant components.


Castor oil and its derivatives are used in the manufacturing of soaps, lubricants, hydraulic and brake fluids, paints, dyes, coatings, inks, cold resistant plastics, waxes and polishes, nylon, pharmaceuticals and perfumes.[4]




Contents






  • 1 Composition


  • 2 Uses


    • 2.1 Food and preservative


    • 2.2 Medicine


      • 2.2.1 Alternative medicinal use




    • 2.3 Skin and hair care


    • 2.4 Coatings


    • 2.5 Precursor to industrial chemicals


      • 2.5.1 Lubrication


        • 2.5.1.1 Early aviation and aeromodelling




      • 2.5.2 Turkey red oil


      • 2.5.3 Biodiesel




    • 2.6 Punishment




  • 3 Safety


  • 4 See also


  • 5 References


  • 6 Further reading


  • 7 External links





Composition




Structure of the major component of castor oil: triester of glycerol and ricinoleic acid


Castor oil is well known as a source of ricinoleic acid, a monounsaturated, 18-carbon fatty acid. Among fatty acids, ricinoleic acid is unusual in that it has a hydroxyl functional group on the 12th carbon. This functional group causes ricinoleic acid (and castor oil) to be more polar than most fats. The chemical reactivity of the alcohol group also allows chemical derivatization that is not possible with most other seed oils. Because of its ricinoleic acid content, castor oil is a valuable chemical in feedstocks, commanding a higher price than other seed oils. As an example, in July 2007, Indian castor oil sold for about US$0.90 per kilogram (US$0.41 per pound)[5] whereas U.S. soybean, sunflower and canola oils sold for about US$0.30 per kilogram (US$0.14 per pound).[6]








































Average composition of castor seed oil / fatty acid chains
Acid name
 Average Percentage Range

Ricinoleic acid
 85–95

Oleic acid
 2–6

Linoleic acid
 1–5

α-Linolenic acid
 0.5–1  

Stearic acid
 0.5–1  

Palmitic acid
 0.5–1  

Dihydroxystearic acid
 0.3–0.5
Others
 0.2– 0.5


Uses


Annually 270,000–360,000 tonnes (600–800 million pounds) of castor oil are produced for a variety of uses.[4]



Food and preservative


In the food industry, castor oil (food grade) is used in food additives, flavorings, candy (e.g., polyglycerol polyricinoleate or PGPR in chocolate),[7] as a mold inhibitor, and in packaging. Polyoxyethylated castor oil (e.g., Kolliphor EL)[8] is also used in the food industries.[9]


In India, Pakistan and Nepal food grains are preserved by the application of castor oil. It stops rice, wheat, and pulses from rotting. For example, the legume pigeon pea is commonly available coated in oil for extended storage.



Medicine




Advertisement of castor oil as a medicine by Scott & Bowne Company, 19th century


Use of castor oil as a laxative is attested to in the circa 1550 BC Ebers Papyrus,[10] and was in use for several centuries prior.[11] The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has categorized castor oil as "generally recognized as safe and effective" (GRASE) for over-the-counter use as a laxative with its major site of action the small intestine where it is digested into ricinoleic acid.[12]


Despite castor oil being widely used to induce labor in pregnant women, to date there is not enough research to show whether it is effective to dilate the cervix or induce labor.[13]


Therapeutically, modern drugs are rarely given in a pure chemical state, so most active ingredients are combined with excipients or additives. Castor oil, or a castor oil derivative such as Kolliphor EL (polyethoxylated castor oil, a nonionic surfactant), is added to many modern drugs, including:




  • Miconazole, an antifungal agent;[14][15]


  • Paclitaxel, a mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy;[16]

  • Sandimmune (cyclosporine injection, USP), an immunosuppressant drug widely used in connection with organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system;[17]


  • Nelfinavir mesylate, an HIV protease inhibitor;[18]


  • Tacrolimus, an immunosuppressive drug (contains HCO-60, polyoxyl 60 hydrogenated castor oil);[citation needed]

  • Xenaderm ointment, a topical treatment for skin ulcers, is a combination of Balsam of Peru, castor oil, and trypsin;[19][20]

  • Aci-Jel (composed of ricinoleic acid from castor oil, with acetic acid and oxyquinoline) is used to maintain the acidity of the vagina.[21]

  • Optive Plus (carboxymethylcellulose, castor oil) and Refresh Ultra (glycerine, castor oil), are artificial tears to treat dry eye.[22]


Castor oil is also one of the components of Vishnevsky liniment.[23]



Alternative medicinal use


In naturopathy castor oil has been promoted as a treatment for a variety of human health conditions,[24] including cysts.[25] The claim has been made that applying it to the skin can help cure cancer. However, according to the American Cancer Society, "available scientific evidence does not support claims that castor oil on the skin cures cancer or any other disease."[26]



Skin and hair care


Castor oil has been used in cosmetic products included in creams and as a moisturizer. It also has been used to enhance hair conditioning in other products and for supposed anti-dandruff properties.[27] Castor oil is a widely popular carrier oil for beard care for the same reasons it is popular for hair. Using castor oil in a beard is ideal since it helps with anti-dandruff but as well as its high linoleic acid levels. This fatty acid restores dry follicles, adds shine and promotes follicle growth. [28]



Coatings


Castor oil is used as a bio-based polyol in the polyurethane industry. The average functionality (number of hydroxyl groups per triglyceride molecule) of castor oil is 2.7, so it is widely used as a rigid polyol and in coatings.[1] One particular use is in a polyurethane concrete where a Castor Oil emulsion is reacted with an isocyanate (usually polymeric MDI Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate) and a Cement and Construction aggregate. This is applied fairly thickly as a slurry which is self-levelling. This base is usually further coated with other systems to build a resilient floor [29][30].


It is not a drying oil, meaning that it has a low reactivity with air compared to oils such as linseed oil and tung oil. Dehydration of castor oil yields linoleic acids, which do have drying properties[1]. In this process, the OH group on the ricinoleic acid along with a hydrogen from the next carbon atom are removed yielding a double bond which then has oxidative cross-linking properties yielding the drying oil.



Precursor to industrial chemicals


Castor oil can be broken down into other chemical compounds that have numerous applications.[31][32][33] Transesterification followed by steam cracking gives undecylenic acid, a precursor to specialized polymer nylon 11, and heptanal, a component in fragrances.[34] Breakdown of castor oil in strong base gives 2-octanol, both a fragrance component and a specialized solvent, and the dicarboxylic acid sebacic acid. Hydrogenation of castor oil saturates the alkenes, giving a waxy lubricant.[1] . Castor oil may be epoxidized by reacting the OH groups with Epichlorohydrin to make the triglycidyl ether of castor oil which is useful in epoxy technology[35]. This is available commercially as Heloxy 505 from Hexion and others[36].


The production of lithium grease consumes a significant amount of castor oil. Hydrogenation and saponification of castor oil yields 12-hydroxystearic acid which is then reacted with lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate to give high performance lubricant grease.[37]


Since it has a relatively high dielectric constant (4.7), highly refined and dried castor oil is sometimes used as a dielectric fluid within high performance high voltage capacitors.



Lubrication


Vegetable oils like castor oil are typically unattractive alternatives to petroleum-derived lubricants because of their poor oxidative stability.[38][39] Castor oil has better low-temperature viscosity properties and high-temperature lubrication than most vegetable oils, making it useful as a lubricant in jet, diesel, and racing engines.[40] The viscosity of castor oil at 10 °C is 2,420 centipoise.[41] However, castor oil tends to form gums in a short time, and therefore its usefulness is limited to engines that are regularly rebuilt, such as racing engines. The lubricant company Castrol took its name from castor oil.


Castor oil has been suggested as a lubricant for bicycle pumps because it does not degrade natural rubber seals.[42]



Early aviation and aeromodelling



World War I aviation rotary engines used castor oil as a primary lubricant, mixed with the fuel


Castor oil was the preferred lubricant for rotary engines, such as the Gnome engine after that engine's widespread adoption for aviation in Europe in 1909. It was used almost universally in rotary engined Allied aircraft in World War I. Germany had to make do with inferior ersatz oil (a German term for alternative, substitute, replacement) for its rotary engines, which resulted in poor reliability.[43][44][45]


The methanol-fueled two-cycle glow plug engines used for aeromodelling, since their adoption by model airplane hobbyists in the 1940s, have used varying percentages of castor oil as a lubricant. It is highly resistant to degradation when the engine has its fuel-air mixture leaned for maximum engine speed. Gummy residues can still be a problem for aeromodelling powerplants lubricated with castor oil, however, usually requiring eventual replacement of ball bearings when the residue accumulates within the engine's bearing races. One British manufacturer of sleeve valved four-cycle model engines has stated the "varnish" created by using castor oil in small percentages can improve the pneumatic seal of the sleeve valve, improving such an engine's performance over time.



Turkey red oil


Turkey red oil, also called sulphonated (or sulfated) castor oil, is made by adding sulfuric acid to vegetable oils, most notably castor oil.[46] It was the first synthetic detergent after ordinary soap. It is used in formulating lubricants, softeners, and dyeing assistants.[47]



Biodiesel


Castor oil, like currently less expensive vegetable oils, can be used as feedstock in the production of biodiesel. The resulting fuel is superior for cold winters, because of its exceptionally low cloud and pour points.[48]


Initiatives to grow more castor for energy production, in preference to other oil crops, are motivated by social considerations. Tropical subsistence farmers would gain a cash crop.[49]



Punishment


Some parents punished children with a dose of castor oil.[50][51] Physicians recommended against the practice because they did not want medicines associated with punishment.[52]


A heavy dose of castor oil could be used as a humiliating punishment for adults, especially political dissenters. Colonial officials used it in the British Raj (India) to deal with recalcitrant servants.[53] Belgian military officials prescribed heavy doses of castor oil in Belgian Congo as a punishment for being too sick to work.[54]


The most famous use as punishment came in Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini. It was a favorite tool used by the Blackshirts to intimidate and humiliate their opponents.[55][56][57]Political dissidents were force-fed large quantities of castor oil by Fascist squads. This technique was said to have been originated by Gabriele D'Annunzio or Italo Balbo.[58] Victims of this treatment did sometimes die, as the dehydrating effects of the oil-induced diarrhea often complicated the recovery from the nightstick beating they also received along with the castor oil; however, even those victims who survived had to bear the humiliation of the laxative effects resulting from excessive consumption of the oil.[59] Inspired by the Italian Fascists, the Nazi SA used the torture method against German Jews shortly after the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany in 1933. [60]


It is said that Mussolini's power was backed by "the bludgeon and castor oil".[59] In lesser quantities, castor oil was also used as an instrument of intimidation, for example, to discourage civilians or soldiers who would call in sick either in the factory or in the military. It took decades after Mussolini's death before the myth of castor oil as a panacea for a wide range of diseases and medical conditions was totally demystified, as it was also widely administered to pregnant women and elderly or mentally ill patients in hospitals in the false belief it had no negative side effects.


Today, the Italian terms manganello and olio di ricino, even used separately, still carry strong political connotations (especially the latter). These words are still used to satirize patronizing politicians, or the authors of disliked legislation. They should be used with caution in common conversation. The terms Usare l'olio di ricino, ("to use castor oil") and usare il manganello ("to use the bludgeon") mean "to coerce or abuse", and can be misunderstood in the absence of proper context.


As a means of punishment or torture, force-feeding castor oil is depicted in the animated cartoon Tom and Jerry, in the Our Gang comedy Shrimps for a Day (1934), and in the movie Amarcord.



Safety


The castor seed contains ricin, a toxic lectin. Heating during the oil extraction process denatures and deactivates the lectin. However, harvesting castor beans may not be without risk.[61]Allergenic compounds found on the plant surface can cause permanent nerve damage, making the harvest of castor beans a human health risk. India, Brazil and China are the major crop producers and the workers suffer harmful side effects from working with these plants.[62] These health issues, in addition to concerns about the toxic byproduct (ricin) from castor oil production, have encouraged the quest for alternative sources for hydroxy fatty acids.[63][64] Alternatively, some researchers are trying to genetically modify the castor plant to prevent the synthesis of ricin.[65]


Since castor oil is sometimes used to induce labor in full-term pregnancies (scientific evidence of its effectiveness is lacking),[66] consuming castor oil to treat constipation is not considered safe in pregnancies that are not at full term yet, as it may cause contractions of the womb.[67]



See also



  • Castor wax

  • List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments



References





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  8. ^ Safety datawsheet cremophor El Castor Oil http://www.sfm.state.or.us/cr2k_subdb/msds/cremophor_el_castor_oil.pdf


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  11. ^ Bryan, p. xvii


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  15. ^ Fromtling, RA (1 April 1988). "Overview of medically important antifungal azole derivatives". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1 (2): 187–217. doi:10.1128/CMR.1.2.187. PMC 358042. PMID 3069196. See page 6, /192, Clinical studies


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  19. ^ "Product Information: Xendaderm topical ointment, balsam Peru, castor oil and trypsin topical ointment". San Antonio, TX: Healthpoint, Ltd. 2002. Archived from the original on 2007-08-31. Retrieved 2007-10-11.


  20. ^ Beitz, JM (June 2005). "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome bullous lesions treated with trypsin-balsam of peru-castor oil ointment: A case study". Ostomy Wound Manage. 51 (6): 52–4, 56–8. PMID 16014993.


  21. ^ "Aci-Jel (Vaginal Jelly) drug description". RxList. Archived from the original on 2007-10-08. Retrieved 2007-10-26.


  22. ^ Pucker AD, Ng SM, Nichols JJ (2016). "Over the counter (OTC) artificial tear drops for dry eye syndrome". Database Syst Rev. 2: CD009729. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009729.pub2. PMC 5045033. PMID 26905373.


  23. ^ Charman, C. (12 June 1999). "Vishnevsky liniment and ichthammol: on the perspectives of application in military medicine and other fields". The BMJ. 318 (7198): 1600–1604. doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7198.1600. Retrieved 5 July 2016.


  24. ^ "Castor Oil Health Benefits". homeremediesweb.com. Retrieved 2015-10-02.


  25. ^ "Cyst Treatment". earthclinic.com. 10 April 2015. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015.


  26. ^ "Castor Oil". American Cancer Society. March 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2013-09-22.


  27. ^ [1], Zofchak, Albert; John Obeji & Michael Mosquera, "Use urethane polymers of castor oil skin and personal care product compositions" 


  28. ^ "Why Castor Oil Alone Won't Grow Your Beard Faster - Beard and Company". Beard and Company. Retrieved 2018-10-11.


  29. ^ Howarth, GA (June 2003). "Polyurethanes, polyurethane dispersions and polyureas: Past, present and future". Surface Coatings International Part B: Coatings Transactions. 86 (2): 111–118. doi:10.1007/bf02699621. ISSN 1476-4865.


  30. ^ "Cornercrete Moisture Vapor Transmission Suppresion" (PDF). Cornerstone Flooring.


  31. ^ "Multiple uses of castor oil". Retrieved 2007-08-02.


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  33. ^ Ogunniyi, D.S. (June 2006). "Castor oil: A vital industrial raw material". Bioresource Technology. 97 (9): 1086–91. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.028. PMID 15919203. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009.


  34. ^ Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, Third edition, 2011, page 6162


  35. ^ Hermansen, Ralph D. (2017-03-16). Polymeric Thermosetting Compounds: Innovative Aspects of Their Formulation Technology. CRC Press. ISBN 9781771883153.


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  37. ^ Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved 2010-07-12.


  38. ^ "Chemical modification to improve vegetable oil lubricants". Retrieved 2007-08-02.


  39. ^ "Petroleum Oil and the Environment". DOE. Retrieved 2006-12-28.


  40. ^ McGuire, Nancy (2004). "Taming the Bean". The American Chemical Society. Archived from the original on September 27, 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-02.


  41. ^ Brady, George S.; Clauser, Henry R.; Vaccari, John (1997). Materials Handbook (14th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0070070844.


  42. ^ Older, Jules (2000). Backroad and Offroad Biking. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 37. ISBN 978-0811731508.


  43. ^ Guilmartin, John F., Jr. (1994). "Technology and Strategy: What Are the Limits?". Two Historians in Technology and War. United States Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute. p. 10. ISBN 978-1428915220.


  44. ^ Fisher, Suzanne Hayes (1999). "Aircraft, production during the war". In Tucker, Spencer C.; Wood, Laura Matysek; Murphy, Justin D. The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 10. ISBN 978-0815333517.


  45. ^ U.S. Tariff Commission (1921). Tariff Information Surveys on the Articles in Paragraphs 44 and 45 of the Tariff Act of 1913. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 40.


  46. ^ "Turkey Red Oil – A defoaming & wetting agent". Porwal.net. Retrieved 2014-08-09.


  47. ^ "– Home of Castor Oil Online". Castoroil.in. Retrieved 2014-08-09.


  48. ^ Biodiesel from Castor Oil: A Promising Fuel for Cold Weather (PDF) Archived June 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine by Carmen Leonor Barajas Forero, 2004-10-12. Retrieved 2012-01-24.


  49. ^ The Promise of the Castor Bean Archived March 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine by Elizabeth Johnson, Biodiesel Magazine, 2004-12-01. Retrieved 2012-01-24.


  50. ^ For an American example see David J. Rothman (1980). Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America. Transaction Publishers. p. 279. ISBN 9780202365091. Retrieved 2015-10-29.


  51. ^ For a Canadian examples see Neil Sutherland (1997). Growing Up: Childhood in English Canada from the Great War to the Age of Television. University of Toronto Press. p. 87. ISBN 9780802079831. Retrieved 2015-10-29.


  52. ^ Journal of the American Medical Association. American Medical Association. 1919. p. 1699. Retrieved 2015-10-29.


  53. ^ Cecilia Leong-Salobir (2011). Food Culture in Colonial Asia: A Taste of Empire. Taylor & Francis. p. 66. ISBN 9781136726545.


  54. ^ Adam., Hochschild (1999). King Leopold's ghost : a story of greed, terror, and heroism in Colonial Africa (1st Mariner books ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 166. ISBN 978-0547525730. OCLC 759834634.


  55. ^ "Italy The rise of Mussolini". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-03.


  56. ^ "Benito's Birthday". Time, in partnership with CNN. August 6, 1923. Retrieved 2007-08-03.


  57. ^ Bosworth, R. J. B. (2002). Mussolini. New York: Arnold/Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-340-73144-4.


  58. ^ "Bearded like a medieval condottiere, bluff yet suave, fearless and supple, [Italo Balbo] was not the type to pass unnoticed anywhere. His admirers here chose to forget the Blackshirt club-wielder and reputed inventor of the castor-oil treatment for Fascist foes"
    Marshal Balbo, The New York Times, July 1, 1940, p. 18.


  59. ^ ab Cecil Adams (1994-04-22). "Did Mussolini use castor oil as an instrument of torture?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 2014-08-09.


  60. ^ Evans, Richard J (2004). The Coming of the Third Reich: How the Nazis Destroyed Democracy and Seized Power in Germany. USA: Penguin Books. p. 431. ISBN 978-1-101-04267-0.


  61. ^ Auld, DL; Pinkerton, SD; Rolfe, R; Ghetie, V; et al. (March–April 1999). "Selection of castor for divergent concentrations of ricin and ricinus communis agglutinin". Crop Science. 39 (2): 353–7. Archived from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2007-07-31.


  62. ^ "Hazards of harvesting castor plants". Retrieved 2007-07-31.
    [unreliable source?]


  63. ^ Dierig, David A. (1995). "Lesquerella". New Crop FactSHEET. Center for New Crops & Plant Products, at Purdue University. Retrieved 2007-08-01.


  64. ^ Sources of Hydroxy Fatty Acids

    https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=IND93048066&content=PDF


  65. ^ Wood, M (2001). "High-tech castor plants may open door to domestic production". Agricultural Research Magazine. 49 (1). Retrieved 2007-08-02.


  66. ^ Boel, ME; Lee, SJ; Rijken, MJ; Paw, MK; Pimanpanarak, M; Tan, SO; Singhasivanon, P; Nosten, F; McGready, R (October 2009). "Castor oil for induction of labour: not harmful, not helpful". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 49 (5): 499–503. doi:10.1111/j.1479-828x.2009.01055.x. PMID 19780733.


  67. ^ "Drugs and Supplements: Laxative (Oral Route)". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 15 May 2015.




Further reading



  • Naughton, Frank., "Castor Oil", Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, New York: John Wiley, doi:10.1002/0471238961.0301192014012107.a01.pub2, ISBN 9780471238966 – overview of chemical properties and manufacturing of castor oil


External links







  • International Chemical Safety Card 1452

  • Castor biofuel farming starts in Ethiopia










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Florida Star v. B. J. F.

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Florida Star v. B. J. F. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search United States Supreme Court case Florida Star v. B. J. F. Supreme Court of the United States Argued March 21, 1989 Decided June 21, 1989 Full case name The Florida Star v. B. J. F. Citations 491 U.S. 524 ( more ) 109 S. Ct. 2603; 105 L. Ed. 2d 443; 1989 U.S. LEXIS 3120; 57 U.S.L.W. 4816; 16 Media L. Rep. 1801 Prior history The Florida Star v. B.J.F., 530 So.2d 286 (1988) Supreme Court of Florida; Florida Star v. B.J.F., 499 So.2d 883 (1986) Fla. Dist. Court of Appeals Holding Florida Stat. § 794.03 is unconstitutional to the extent it makes the truthful reporting of information that was a matter of public record unlawful, as it violates the First Amendment. Court membership Chief Justice William Rehnquist Associate Justices William J. Brennan Jr.  · Byron White Thurgood Marshall  · Harry Blac...
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Danny Elfman

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Danny Elfman From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Danny Elfman Elfman at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con Born Daniel Robert Elfman ( 1953-05-29 ) May 29, 1953 (age 65) Los Angeles, California, U.S. Spouse(s) Bridget Fonda ( m.  2003) Children 1 Musical career Genres Rock [1] ska [2] new wave film music video game music Occupation(s) Composer, singer, songwriter, record producer Instruments Trombone guitar percussion vocals keyboards [3] Years active 1972–present Associated acts Oingo Boingo James Newton Howard Daniel Robert Elfman (born May 29, 1953) is an American composer, singer, songwriter, and record producer. Elfman first became known for being the lead singer and songwriter for the band Oingo Boingo from 1974 to 1995. He is well known for scoring films and television shows, particularly his frequent collabora...
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Lugert, Oklahoma

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Unincorporated community in Oklahoma, United States Lugert, Oklahoma Unincorporated community Foundations from the town of Lugert at the bottom of Lake Altus-Lugert Lugert, Oklahoma Location within the state of Oklahoma Coordinates: 34°53′45″N 99°16′31″W  /  34.89583°N 99.27528°W  / 34.89583; -99.27528 Coordinates: 34°53′45″N 99°16′31″W  /  34.89583°N 99.27528°W  / 34.89583; -99.27528 Country United States State Oklahoma County Kiowa Time zone UTC-6 (Central (CST))  • Summer (DST) UTC-5 (CDT) GNIS feature ID 1100597 Lugert is an unincorporated community in Kiowa County, Oklahoma. [1] The town of Lugert was founded in 1901 on 80 acres (320,000 m 2 ). In the town, there was a general store that housed the Post office and sold dry goods, school supplies, groceries, harnesses, axes and much more. It was named for Frank Lugert, who had moved to the area in 1898. Lugert owned land where the town was sited and also owned the general st...
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