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Ndonga dialect









Ndonga dialect


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"Ndonga" redirects here. For other uses, see Ndonga (disambiguation).













































Ndonga
ndonga
Native to
Namibia and southern Angola
Region Ovamboland
Native speakers
 810,000 (2006)[1]
Language family

Niger–Congo

  • Atlantic–Congo

    • Benue–Congo

      • Southern Bantoid

        • Bantu

          • Kavango–Southwest

            • Southwest Bantu

              • Ovambo
                • Ndonga
Language codes
ISO 639-1 ng
ISO 639-2 ndo
ISO 639-3 ndo
Glottolog
ndon1254[2]
Guthrie code
R.22[3]
Linguasphere 99-AUR-lc

Ndonga, also called Oshindonga, is a Bantu language spoken in Namibia and parts of Angola. It is a standardized dialect of the Ovambo language, and is mutually intelligible with Kwanyama, the other Ovambo dialect with a standard written form. With 281,500 speakers, the language has the largest number of speakers in Namibia.


Martti Rautanen translated the Bible into the Ndonga standard.[4]




Contents






  • 1 Phonology


    • 1.1 Vowels


    • 1.2 Consonants




  • 2 References


  • 3 External links





Phonology[edit]



Vowels[edit]


Oshindonga uses a five-vowel system:
























Front
Back

Close
 i
u

Mid
 e
o

Open
a


Consonants[edit]


Oshindonga contains the following consonant phonemes:


























































































Labial
Dental
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal

Nasal
voiceless
m̥

n̥

ŋ̊

voiced
m

n
ɲ
ŋ

Plosive
voiceless
p

t

k
ʔ
voiced
b

d

g

Fricative
 voiceless
f
θ
s
ʃ
x
h
voiced
v
ð
z
ʒ
ɣ

Approximant
 central
w


j

lateral


l



Oshindonga also contains many consonant compounds, listed below:



  • m̥pʰ

  • n̥tʰ

  • n̥kʰ

  • m̥pʰw

  • n̥tʰw

  • n̥kʰw

  • n̥th

  • n̥dz

  • n̥tsʰ

  • xw

  • tsˈ (voiceless, ejective, alveolor affricate)

  • psʲˈ (voiceless, palatalized, labio-alveolar affricate)



References[edit]




  1. ^ Ndonga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)


  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Ndonga". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  3. ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online


  4. ^ "Namiweb.com". Namibweb.com. Retrieved 2013-03-16.



  • Fivaz, Derek (2003). A Reference Grammar of Oshindonga (2 ed.). Windhoek: Out of Africa Publishers.


External links[edit]






  • Ndonga




















Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ndonga_dialect&oldid=843413492"





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