Makhuwa language
Makhuwa language
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| Makhuwa | |
|---|---|
| Emakuana | |
| Native to | Mozambique, Tanzania, Malawi |
| Ethnicity | Makua |
Native speakers | 6.6 million (2006)[1] |
Language family | Niger–Congo
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:vmw – Central Makhuwamgh – Makhuwa-Meettovmk – Makhuwa-Shirimakzn – Kokolallb – Lolomny – Manyawavmr – Marenjetke – Takwanexmc – Makhuwa-Marrevonexsq – Makhuwa-Saka |
| Glottolog | maku1279 Makua–Lomwe; adds Lomwe & Moniga[2]chuw1239 Chuwaboic; adds Chuwabo[3]koko1267 Kokola[4]many1259 Manyawa[5] |
Guthrie code | P.31[6] |
A Makhuwa family in Nampula.
Makhuwa (Emakhuwa; also spelt Makua and Macua) is the primary Bantu language of northern Mozambique. It is spoken by 4 million Makua people, who live north of the Zambezi River, particularly in Nampula Province, which is virtually entirely ethnically Makua.[7] It is the most widely spoken indigenous language of Mozambique.
Apart from the languages in the same group, eMakhuwa is distinguished from other Bantu languages by the loss of consonant + vowel prefixes in favour of e; compare epula, "rain", with Tswana pula.
Long and short vowels are used for i, e, a, o, u, which is unusually sparse for a Bantu language:
omala - to finish
omaala - to paste, stick
omela - to sprout, bud
omeela - to share out
The consonants are more complex: postalveolar tt and tth exist, both p and ph are used. Both x (English "sh") and h exist while x varies with s. Regionally, there are also θ (the "th" of English "thorn"), ð (the "th" of English "seethe"), z and ng. In eLomwe, for instance, the -tt- of eMakhuwa is represented by a "ch" as in English "church".[7]
Makhuwa is closely related to Lomwe.
Contents
1 Phonology
1.1 Consonants
1.2 Vowels
2 Dialects
3 Reading matter in eMakhuwa
4 References
Phonology[edit]
Consonants[edit]
Bilabial | Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | c | k | |||
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | |||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | h | ||||
voiced | v | (θ)~ð | z | ||||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||||
Lateral | l | ʎ | |||||||
Trill | r | ||||||||
Approximant | w | j | |||||||
Vowels[edit]
Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
Close | i iː | u uː | |
Mid | e eː | o oː | |
Open | a aː |
[7]
Dialects[edit]
The names of the dialects vary in different sources. The shibboleth or distinctive variant in the dialects is the treatment of the s:
- eSamgagi dialect: odhiva
- eSangagi dialect: θtiva
- eSaaka dialect: ociva
- eNahara dialect: oziva - all meaning "agreeable, pleasant" [7]
Maho (2009) lists the following dialects:[6]
- Central Makhuwa (3.1 million)
- Meetto (Metto) (1.3 million, including Ruvuma)
- Chirima (Shirima) (1.5 million, including subdialects Kokola, Lolo, Manyawa, Marenje, Takwane)
- Marrevone (Coastal Makhuwa; 460,000 including eNahara)
- eNahara (Naharra)
- eSaka (Saka, 210,000)
- Ruvuma Makhuwa (Tanzanian Makhuwa, including subdialects Imithupi, Ikorovere)
Mutual intelligibility between these is limited. Central Makhuwa ("Makhuwa-Makhuwana") is the basis of the standard language. Ethnologue lists Central Makhuwa, Meetto–Ruvuma, Marrevone–Enahara, and Esaka as separate languages, and Chirima as six languages.
The population figures are from Ethnologue for 2006. They tally 3.1 million speakers of Central Makhuwa and 3.5 million of the other varieties, though the Ethnologue article for Central Makhuwa covers Marrevone and Enahara, so these might be double counted.
Reading matter in eMakhuwa[edit]
Muluku Onnalavuliha Àn'awe - Ipantte sikosolasiwe sa Biblia ("God speaks to his children" - extracts from the Scriptures for children) Aid to the Church in Need. Edição em Macúa / eMakhuwa) Editorial Verbo Divino, Estella, Navarra, 1997.
References[edit]
^ Central Makhuwa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Makhuwa-Meetto at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Makhuwa-Shirima at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Kokola at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Lolo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Manyawa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
(Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Makua–Lomwe". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Chuwaboic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Kokola". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Manyawa". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ ab Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
^ abcd Relatório do I Seminário sobre a Padronização da Ortografia de Línguas Moçambicanas. NELIMO, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, 1989.
- Oliver Kröger (2005), Report on a Survey of Coastal Makua Dialects (SIL International)
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Authority control  |
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Categories:
- Makua
- Makua languages
- Languages of Mozambique
- Languages of Tanzania
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