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Old State House
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
East view of the Old State House, circa July 2003.
Location	Boston, MA
Coordinates	42°21′31.57″N 71°3′28.1″W / 42.3587694°N 71.057806°W / 42.3587694; -71.057806Coordinates: 42°21′31.57″N 71°3′28.1″W / 42.3587694°N 71.057806°W / 42.3587694; -71.057806
Built	1713
Architect	Original Architect unknown – rebuilt 1748; Alterations: Isaiah Rogers; 1830: Restoration: George Albert Clough, 1881–1882; Renovation: Goody, Clancy and Associates, 1991.[2]
Architectural style	Georgian
NRHP reference #	66000779[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	October 15, 1966
Designated NHL	October 9, 1960

The Old State House is a historic building in Boston, Massachusetts, at the intersection of Washington and State Streets. Built in 1713, it was the seat of the Massachusetts General Court until 1798, and is one of the oldest public buildings in the United States.^[3] One of the landmarks on Boston's Freedom Trail, it is the oldest surviving public building in Boston, and now serves as a history museum operated by the Bostonian Society. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 1994.

History

The Massachusetts Town House: seat of colony government 1713–1776

Today's brick Old State House was built in 1712–13, and possibly designed by Robert Twelves. Some historians credit Thomas Dawes with being the architect, but he was of a later generation, so evidently his contributions came later. This was probably in about 1772, after a four-year period of the General Assembly having to meet in Cambridge due to British use of the building as a military barrack (which resulted in considerable damage).^[4][5][6] The previous building, the wooden Town House of 1657, had burned in the fire of 1711.^[7] A notable feature was the pair of seven-foot tall wooden figures depicting a lion and unicorn, symbols of the British monarchy.

The building housed a Merchant's Exchange on the first floor and warehouses in the basement. On the second floor, the east side contained the Council Chamber of the Royal Governor while the west end of the second floor contained chambers for the Courts of Suffolk County and the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. The central portion contained the chambers for the elected Massachusetts Assembly. This chamber is notable for including public galleries, the first known example of such a feature being included in a chamber for elected officials in the English-speaking world.^[8]

The interior was rebuilt in 1748, after a fire in 1747 (the brick walls of the 1712–13 building survived the fire).^[9]

In 1761, James Otis argued against the Writs of Assistance in the Royal Council Chamber. Though he lost the case, Otis influenced public opinion in a way that contributed to the American Revolution; John Adams later wrote of that speech, "Then and there... the child independence was born."^[10]

This engraving by Paul Revere, portraying the Boston Massacre with a patriot's bias, shows the Old State House sitting prominently behind the action.

On March 5, 1770, The Boston Massacre occurred in front of the building on Devonshire Street. Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson stood on the building's balcony to speak to the people, ordering the crowd to return to their homes.^[11]

The Massachusetts State House: seat of state government 1776–1798

On July 18, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was proclaimed from the east side balcony to jubilant crowds by Col. Thomas Crafts (one of the Sons of Liberty). At one o'clock Col. Crafts rose in the Council Chamber and read it to the members.^[12] Then, fellow patriot Sheriff William Greenleaf attempted to read it from the balcony, but he could only muster a whisper. Col. Crafts then stood next to the sheriff and read it from the balcony in a stentorian tone. For most people, it was a festive occasion, as about two-thirds of Boston residents supported the revolution. The lion and the unicorn on top of the building were removed and burned in a bonfire in King street.^[13]

After the American Revolution, the building served as the seat of the Massachusetts state government before its move to the present Massachusetts State House in 1798.

The Old State House

Boston’s City Hall 1830–1841

From 1830 to 1841, the building was Boston's city hall. Previously, the city's offices had been in the County Court House. In 1830, Isaiah Rogers altered the building's interior in a Greek Revival style, most notably adding the spiral staircase that remains today. The building was damaged by fire in 1832.^[7]

During this period of time, City Hall shared the building with the Boston Post Office and several private businesses. On October 21, 1835, Mayor Theodore Lyman, Jr. gave temporary refuge to William Lloyd Garrison, the editor of the abolitionist paper The Liberator, who was being chased by a violent mob. Garrison was kept safe in the Old State House until being driven to the Leverett Street Jail, where he was protected overnight but charged with inciting a riot.^[12] In 1841, City Hall moved to the former Suffolk County Courthouse, on School Street.^[14]

Period of commercial use 1841–1881

After Boston's city hall left, the whole building was rented out for commercial use. This had been the case once before, in the interim between the State House period and the City Hall period. Occupants included tailors, clothing merchants, insurance agents, railroad line offices, and more. As many as fifty businesses used the building at once.^[15]

The Old State House

Old State House

The Bostonian Society and the museum 1881–present

In 1881, in response to plans for the possible demolition of the building due to real estate potential, The Bostonian Society was formed to preserve and steward the Old State House. In 1881–1882, restorations were conducted by George A. Clough.^[16] In 1882, replicas of the lion and unicorn statues were placed atop the East side of the building, after the originals that had been burned in 1776.^[17] On the West side, the building sports a statue of an eagle, in recognition of the Old State House's connection to American history.

Since 1904, the State Street MBTA station has occupied part of the building's basement. The East Boston Tunnel, which is now the Blue Line, opened in 1904, and the Washington Street Tunnel, a part of the Orange Line, opened in 1908.^[18] The Boston Marine Museum occupied rooms borrowed from the Bostonian Society, 1909–1947.^[19]

On July 11, 1976, as part of her Boston visit to celebrate the bicentenary of the United States of America, Queen Elizabeth II toured the Old State House with her husband. She appeared on the historic balcony and delivered an address to a large audience. The Queen said, in part,^[20]

If Paul Revere, Samuel Adams, and other patriots could have known that one day a British monarch would stand on the balcony of the Old State House, from which the Declaration of Independence was first read to the people of Boston, and be greeted in such kind and generous words ...... well, I think they would have been extremely surprised! But perhaps they would also have been pleased to know that eventually we came together again as free peoples and friends to defend together the very ideals for which the American Revolution was fought.

The museum today

Today, tall buildings of Boston's financial district surround the Old State House. However, they do not entirely block the view of the building, and it can be seen clearly from a good distance away on the harborfront. The Old State House sits atop the State Street station on the MBTA's Blue and Orange subway lines, and the station can be entered from the basement. The building is not available for private events. The museum is open year-round, seven days a week except for some holidays.

The next stop on Freedom Trail is the site of the Boston Massacre, which is marked by a cobblestone ring on the newly rebuilt plaza in front of the Old State House. The museum offers a multimedia presentation on the massacre and a guided tour that describes the massacre in its historical context.

Recent preservation and restoration and future plans

The Old State House frequently has preservation and restoration projects as a part of the ongoing effort to keep the building in good condition.

In 2006, the museum underwent a restoration to repair water-damaged masonry. The damage had long been a problem, but was aggravated in fall 2005 by Hurricane Wilma. The project was the subject of an episode of The History Channel's Save Our History.^[21]

In 2008, the museum's tower was given a major restoration. During the project, the building's 1713 weathervane, which may have been made by Shem Drowne, was re-gilded. The windows were repaired and resealed, the balustrades were repaired, and the copper roofing and rotten wood siding was replaced. This was done to prevent structural damage and to protect the museum's collections and the 1831 clock by Simon Willard below.^[22]

According to their website, the Bostonian Society is in the planning stages of several changes to increase accessibility to the museum. Historical buildings pose many challenges to accessibility for visitors who cannot use stairs, but the museum plans to use new technologies to solve this problem and add a ramp and wheelchair lift.^[21]

Images

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  The "Court House" in 1751
  

  
  

  
  


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  Engraving by Samuel Hill, published in the Massachusetts Magazine, 1793
  

  
  

  
  


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  State Street, 1801, by J. Marston
  

  
  

  
  


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  Advertisement for Clothing Warehouse in the Old State House, 1849
  

  
  

  
  


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  State Street, 1851
  

  
  

  
  


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  Old State House, c. 1898 photo.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Old State House, 19th century
  

  
  

  
  


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  Old State House, 19th century
  

  
  

  
  


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  State Street, 1904
  

  
  

  
  


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  The tower a year prior to restoration, c. 2007
  

  
  

  
  


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  The Old State House's spiral staircase
  

  
  

  
  


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  East Front showing the balcony from which the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence in Boston took place. Note the lion and unicorn on the roof of the building, the same used in the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom, a reminder of the building's past
  

  
  

  
  


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  Devonshire Street entrance to State subway station
  

  
  

  
  


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  Old State House in January 2011
  

  
  

  
  


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  Old State House in August 2011
  

  
  

  
  


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  The Old State House is dwarfed by the more modern highrises.
  

  
  

  
  

See also

• List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston


• National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston, Massachusetts

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old State House.

• Boston Historical Society - Old State House


• Boston National Historical Park Official Website


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  Freedom Trail Foundation (Official website of the Freedom Trail)


• City of Boston, Boston Landmarks CommissionOld State House Study Report