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Hessians
Two Hessian soldiers of the Leibregiment
Country	Hesse-Cassel Hesse-Hanau
Part of	Attached to but not incorporated into the British Army
Engagements	American Revolutionary War • Battle of Long Island • Landing at Kip's Bay • Battle of Edgar's Lane • Battle of White Plains • Battle of Fort Washington • Battle of Fort Lee • Battle of Iron Works Hill • Battle of Trenton • Forage War • Battle of Bound Brook • Battle of Short Hills • Siege of Fort Ticonderoga • Battle of Hubbardton • Siege of Fort Stanwix • Battle of Bennington • Battle of Staten Island • Battle of Cooch's Bridge • Battle of Brandywine • Battle of the Clouds • Battles of Saratoga • Battle of Germantown • Battle of Red Bank • Battle of Gloucester • Battle of White Marsh • Battle of Barren Hill • Battle of Monmouth • Great Siege of Gibraltar • Capture of Fort Bute • Battle of Baton Rouge • Siege of Charleston • Battle of Connecticut Farms • Battle of Springfield • Battle of Mobile • Siege of Pensacola • Battle of Spencer's Ordinary • Battle of Green Spring • Battle of Groton Heights • Siege of Yorktown • Battle of Johnstown • Raid on Lunenburg
Commanders
Notable commanders	Wilhelm von Knyphausen Johann Rall †

Hessians (US: /ˈhɛʃənz/ or UK: /ˈhɛsiənz/^[1]) were German soldiers who served as auxiliaries to the British Army during the American Revolutionary War.^[2]

The Hessians were contracted by Great Britain and others as mercenaries in several 18th century European wars, but are most widely associated with the American Revolution, where around 30,000 German soldiers fought for the British during the war, forming a quarter of the troops sent to British America.^[3] The term Hessians is used by Americans to refer to all German troops fighting on the British side, a form of synecdoche as 65% of the German troops came from the German states of Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Hanau, while the remainder were leased from other small German states. The Hessians were led by Wilhelm von Knyphausen, entering British service as entire units, fighting under their own German flags, commanded by their usual officers, and wearing their existing uniforms.

The use of German troops to suppress a rebellion in the British colonies angered the American patriots, and one of the grievances against King George III in the Declaration of Independence was "transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries".

Background

The small German states of the Holy Roman Empire had professional armies, which their ruling princes sometimes hired out for service with other armies as auxiliaries. When military conflict broke out, the German states provided a ready supply of trained troops that was prepared to go into action immediately. Hesse-Kassel was particularly prominent in this role:

Between 1706 and 1707, 10,000 Hessians served as a corps in Eugene of Savoy's army in Italy before moving to the Spanish Netherlands in 1708. In 1714, 6,000 Hessians were rented to Sweden for its war with Russia whilst 12,000 Hessians were hired by George I of Great Britain in 1715 to combat the Jacobite Rebellion. ... In the midst of the War of the Austrian Succession in 1744, 6,000 Hessians were fighting with the British army in Flanders whilst another 6,000 were in the Bavarian army. By 1762, 24,000 Hessians were serving with Ferdinand of Brunswick's army in Germany.

— John Childs, Rethinking Leviathan^[4]

In most of these wars, Hesse-Kassel never became a belligerent by declaring war on any other country. The troops were hired out for service in other armies, and Hesse-Kassel itself had no stake in the outcome of the war. Thus, it was possible for Hessians to serve with the British and Bavarian armies in the War of the Austrian Succession, even though Britain and Bavaria were on opposite sides of the war.

In the Seven Years' War, the forces of Hesse-Kassel served with both the Anglo-Hanoverian and the Prussian armies against the French; although Hesse-Kassel was technically allied to Britain and Prussia, however her troops were actually leased by the British.^[5] In July 1758, the city of Kassel and most of the principality was occupied by a French army under Charles, Prince of Soubise, easily overcoming the home defence force of 6,000 Hessian militia. Soubise ordered his troops to live off the land while taking high-ranking hostages and extorting payments of cash and produce; the intention being to force the withdrawal of Hessian troops from the war. However, Hessian forces together with their allies attempted to liberate their homeland but were repulsed at the Battle of Sanderhausen on 23 July. They later participated in the first Siege of Cassel in 1761 and the second Siege of Cassel in 1762 which was finally surrendered by the French that November, the last action of the whole war.^[6]

To field a large professional army with a relatively small population, Hesse-Kassel became the most militarized state in Europe. The country maintained 5.2% to 6.7% of its population under arms in the 18th century, a larger proportion than even heavily-militarized Prussia.^[7][8] One in four households had someone serving in the army. Hesse-Kassel manufactured its own weapons and uniforms. Its textile industry was so prosperous that workers could afford to buy meat and wine every day. Subsidy payments from Great Britain were used to build public works and buildings, and taxes were reduced by one-third from the early 1760s to 1784.^[8][9] In 1884, the American historian Edward Jackson Lowell lauded the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel for spending the British money wisely, describing him as "one of the least disreputable of the princes who sent mercenaries to America."^[10]

The characterization of Hessian troops as "mercenaries" remains controversial over two centuries later. American history textbooks refer to the Hessians as "mercenaries."^[11] American historian Charles Ingrao said that the local prince had turned Hesse into a "mercenary state" by renting out his regiments to fund his government.^[12] However, British historian Stephen Conway called them "Britannia's auxiliaries."^[13] Canadian military historian Rodney Atwood explained that jurists of the time drew a distinction between auxiliaries and mercenaries. Auxiliaries served their prince and were sent to the aid of another prince, while mercenaries served a foreign prince as individuals.^[2]

American Revolutionary War

German auxiliaries

Image of Hessian hussars in America

Great Britain maintained a relatively small standing army, so it found itself in great need of troops at the outset of the American Revolutionary War. Several German princes saw an opportunity to earn some extra income by hiring out their regular army units for service in America. They entered the British service not as individuals but in entire units, with their usual uniforms, flags, equipment, and officers. Many of the princes were closely related to the House of Hanover and were comfortable placing their troops under British command. For example, the Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Hanau were George III's brother-in-law and nephew, respectively.

A total of 29,875 German troops fought alongside British troops in the American Revolution, of which 16,992 came from Hesse-Kassel and 2,422 from Hesse-Hanau.^[10] Since the majority of the German troops came from Hesse, Americans use the term Hessians to refer to all German troops fighting on the British side,^[2][11] a form of synecdoche.

Service in America

Hessian troops included jägers, hussars, three artillery companies, and four battalions of grenadiers. Most of the infantry were chasseurs (sharpshooters), musketeers, and fusiliers. Line infantry was armed with muskets, while the Hessian artillery used the three-pounder cannon. The elite Jäger battalions used the büchse, a short, large-caliber rifle well-suited to woodland combat. Initially, the average regiment was made up of 500 to 600 men. Later in the war, the regiments had only 300 to 400 men.^{[citation needed]}

The first Hessian troops to arrive in North America landed at Staten Island in New York on August 15, 1776. Their first engagement was in the Battle of Long Island. The Hessians fought in almost every battle, although after 1777, the British used them mainly as garrison and patrol troops. An assortment of Hessians fought in the battles and campaigns in the southern states during 1778–80 (including Guilford Courthouse), and two regiments fought at the Siege of Yorktown in 1781.

Americans, both Rebel and Tory, often feared the Hessians, believing them to be rapacious and brutal mercenaries. Meanwhile, Hessian diaries frequently express disapproval of the British troops' conduct towards the colonists, including the destruction of property and the occasional execution of prisoners, the latter being doubly upsetting when American Germans were among them.^[14]

The British common soldiers, in a similar fashion to the Americans, distrusted the primarily German-speaking Hessians and hence, despite their strong military performance, often treated them with contempt.

The chaplain then recounts the case of a Jaeger subaltern who was assailed "by an Englishman in his cups" with the declaration: "God damn you, Frenchy, you take our pay!" The outraged Hessian replied: "I am a German and you are a shit." This was followed by an impromptu duel with hangers, in which the Englishman received a fatal wound. The chaplain records that General Howe pardoned the Jaeger officer and issued an order that "the English should treat the Germans as brothers." This order began to have influence only when "our Germans, teachable as they are" had learned to "stammer a little English." Apparently, this was a prerequisite for the English to show them any affection.^[15]

Hessian captives

The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776, by John Trumbull, shows General Washington ordering medical help for the mortally wounded Hessian Colonel Johann Rall

General George Washington's Continental Army had crossed the Delaware River to make a surprise attack on the Hessians on the early morning of December 26, 1776. In the Battle of Trenton, the Hessian force of 1,400 was wiped out by the Continentals, with about 20 killed, 100 wounded, and 1,000 captured.^[16]

The Hessians captured in the Battle of Trenton were paraded through the streets of Philadelphia to raise American morale; anger at their presence helped the Continental Army recruit new soldiers.^[17] Most of the prisoners were sent to work as farm hands.^[18]

By early 1778, negotiations for the exchange of prisoners between Washington and the British had begun in earnest.^[19] Nicholas Bahner(t), Jacob Strobe, George Geisler, and Conrad Grein (Konrad Krain)^[20] are a few of the Hessian soldiers who deserted the British forces after being returned in exchange for American prisoners of war.^[21] These men were hunted by the British for being deserters as well as by many of the colonists as a foreign enemy.

Americans tried to entice Hessians to desert from the British and join the already large German-American population. The US Congress authorized the offer of 50 acres (approximately 20 hectares) of land to individual Hessian soldiers to encourage them to desert the group. British soldiers were offered 50 to 800 acres, depending on rank.^[22]

War propaganda

In August 1777, a satirical letter, "The Sale of the Hessians", was widely distributed. It claimed that a Hessian commander wanted more of his soldiers dead so that he could be better compensated. In 1874, John Bigelow translated it to English (from a French version) and claimed that Benjamin Franklin wrote it, including it in his biography, The Life of Benjamin Franklin, published that year. There appears to be no evidence to support this claim.^[23]

Lancaster POW experience

Hessian soldiers captured during the Battle at Trenton taken to Philadelphia.

Many Hessian prisoners were held in camps at the interior city of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Lancaster was a center for the Pennsylvania Dutch, who treated the German prisoners well. The Hessians responded favorably; some volunteered for extra work assignments, helping to replace local men serving in the Continental Army. After the war, many POWs never returned to Germany and instead accepted American offers of religious freedom and free land, becoming permanent settlers. By contrast, British prisoners were also held in Lancaster, but these men did not respond favorably to good treatment – they tried to escape.^[24]

Nova Scotia theatre

Hatchment of Oberst Franz Carl Erdmann Freiherr von Seitz, St. Paul's Church (Halifax), Nova Scotia, d.1782

The Hessians served in Nova Scotia for five years (1778–1783). They protected the colony from American privateers, such as when they responded to the Raid on Lunenburg (1782). They were led by Baron Oberst Franz Carl Erdmann von Seitz.^[25]

Conclusion of the war

Johann Holland, Garrison Regiment von Stein (later von Seitz; von Porbeck), Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia.

About 30,000 Germans served in the Americas, and, after the war ended in 1783, some 17,313 returned to their German homelands. Of the 12,526 who did not return, about 7,700 had died. Some 1,200 were killed in action, and 6,354 died from illness or accidents, mostly the former.^[26] Approximately 5,000 German troops settled in North America, either the United States or Canada. Four thousand five hundred of them, mainly press-ganged, settled in United States.

Commanding officers

Wilhelm von Knyphausen, the commander of the Hessians in the American Revolutionary War.

• Wilhelm von Knyphausen


• Oberst Franz Carl Erdmann Freiherr (Baron) von Seitz – led the regiment in the Battle of Fort Washington ^[27]
  


• Oberst Johann Rall, commanding officer of the Hessian forces at the Battle of Trenton.

Units

• Hesse-Cassel Jäger Corps (Hessisches Jägercorps zu Pferd und zu Fuß)


• Fusilier Regiment von Ditfurth (Füsilier-Regiment "von Ditfurth")


• Fusilier Regiment Erbprinz, later (1780) Musketeer Regiment Erbprinz (Füsilier-Regiment "Erbprinz"; Infanterie-Regiment "Erbprinz")


• Fusilier Regiment von Knyphausen (Füsilier-Regiment "von Knyphausen")


• Fusilier Regiment von Lossberg (Füsilier-Regiment "von Lossberg")


• Grenadier Regiment von Rall, later (1777) von Woellwarth; (1779) von Trümbach; (1781) d'Angelelli (Grenadier-Regiment "von Rall"; "von Woellwarth"; "von Trümbach"; "d'Angelelli")
  
  
  
  • 1st Battalion Grenadiers von Linsing
  
  
  • 2nd Battalion Grenadiers von Block (later von Lengerke)
  
  
  • 3rd Battalion Grenadiers von Minnigerode (later von Löwenstein)
  
  
  • 4th Battalion Grenadiers von Köhler (later von Graf; von Platte)
  
  
  
  


• Garrison Regiment von Bünau (Garrisons-Regiment)


• Garrison Regiment von Huyn (later von Benning)


• Garrison Regiment von Stein (later von Seitz; von Porbeck)


• Garrison Regiment von Wissenbach (later von Knoblauch)


• Leib Infantry Regiment (Leib-Infanterie-Regiment)


• Musketeer Regiment von Donop


• Musketeer Regiment von Trümbach (later von Bose (1779))


• Musketeer Regiment von Mirbach (later Jung von Lossburg (1780))


• Musketeer Regiment Prinz Carl


• Musketeer Regiment von Wutgenau (later Landgraf (1777))


• Hesse-Cassel Artillery corps (Artillerie-Korps)

Cavalry:
The First Dragon Cavalry Regiment (1804-1812, red jacket)
Change to the First Light Dragon Cavalry Regiment (1812-1816, blue jacket);
The Second Dragon Cavalry Regiment (1805-1812, red jacket)
Change to the Second Light Dragon Cavalry Regiment (1812-1816, blue jacket);
First Hurricane Regiment;
Second Hurricane Regiment;
The Third Hurricane Regiment;
Infantry:
First Light Infantry Battalion;
Second Light Infantry Battalion;
First formation infantry battalion;
Second Infantry Battalion;
Third formation infantry battalion;
Fourth Formation Infantry Battalion;
Fifth formation infantry battalion;
Sixth formation infantry battalion;
The seventh formation infantry battalion;
Eighth formation infantry battalion;
Artillery and engineers:
The British and German artillery had two artillery companies and three infantry companies.
King of England and German engineers;
These troops were stationed at sea in Bexhill on Sea and Weymouth, and some later went to Ireland.^{[citation needed]}

In popular culture

• 
  Hessian fly, a significant pest of cereal crops, was named after its supposed source of Hessian soldiers' straw bedding.


• 
  Washington Irving's story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1820) includes a celebrated figure known as the "Headless Horseman" who is "the ghost of a Hessian trooper, whose head had been carried away by a cannon-ball, in some nameless battle during the Revolutionary War." He has been portrayed in many dramatic adaptations of the story.


• 
  D. W. Griffith co-wrote and directed the short film, The Hessian Renegades (1909), about the early stages of the American Revolution.


• In the Merrie Melodies short Bunker Hill Bunny (1950), set during the Revolutionary War, Bugs Bunny faces off against Hessian soldier Sam von Schamm.


• The final episode of the cartoon series The Super 6 (1967) features Capt. Zammo in "The Hessians Are Coming" where, after a parody of Paul Revere's midnight ride, Captain Zammo and Private Hammo are dispatched to zip back in time to 1776 and report to General George Washington in order to foil the malicious machinations of the marauding invaders.


• The 1972 novel The Hessian by Howard Fast concerns a Hessian soldier who tries to escape.


• In the television series Turn: Washington's Spies, Hessians are depicted in Season 1 as participating in the Battle of Trenton and meet Abraham Woodhull in New York.


• In the video game Assassin's Creed III, Hessian soldiers are the 'elite' (i.e. most challenging) enemies the player can fight in the game, equivalent to the Pontifical Swiss Guard and Janissaries featured in previous games in the series.

References

Sources

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hessian (soldiers).

Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Hessians and the other German auxiliaries of Great Britain in the revolutionary war

Wikisource has original text related to this article: The German Element in the War of American Independence/5 German Mercenaries

• American Revolution.org – The Hessians


• Johannes Schwalm Historical Association website


• 
  Historical Project: Letters by a Hessian Officer, Marburg University
  


• Diary and letters covering the role of Hessian troops in America