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William I
Elector of Hesse
Painting of the Elector wearing the ensign of the Order of the Elephant
Born	(1743-06-03)3 June 1743
Died	27 February 1821(1821-02-27) (aged 77)
Spouse	Wilhelmina Caroline of Denmark and Norway
Issue	Marie Friederike, Duchess of Anhalt-Bernburg Karoline Amelie, Duchess of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg Friedrich William II, Elector of Hesse Julius Jacob (illegitimate)
House	Hesse
Father	Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
Mother	Princess Mary of Great Britain
Religion	Calvinist

William I, Elector of Hesse (German: Wilhelm I., Kurfürst von Hessen; 3 June 1743 – 27 February 1821) was the eldest surviving son of Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) and Princess Mary of Great Britain, the daughter of George II.

Biography

Early life

William was born in Kassel, Hesse in 1743. His father, landgrave Frederick II (who died in 1785), had in 1747 abandoned the family and reverted to Catholicism. In 1755 he formally annulled his marriage. William's grandfather, Landgrave William, granted the newly acquired principality of Hanau to his daughter-in-law and grandsons. Technically, young William became the reigning prince of Hanau, while under his mother's regency. The young prince William, together with his two younger brothers, lived with their mother, the landgravine Mary. From 1747 they were supported by Protestant relatives and moved to Denmark. There they lived with Mary's sister, Louise of Great Britain, and her family; Louise died in 1751.

Marriage

On 1 September 1764, William married his first cousin, Wilhelmina Caroline of Denmark and Norway (1747–1820), who was the second surviving daughter of Frederick V of Denmark and Norway. They married at Christiansborg Palace and resided for two decades mostly in Denmark.

In 1785 they moved to Kassel when William succeeded to the landgraviate. During the lifetime of his father, William had already received the Principality of Hanau, south of the Hessian territories near Frankfurt, as successor of its newly extinct princes. The Hanau people did not want to have a Catholic ruler.

William's younger brother Charles in 1766 married another of their Danish first cousins, Princess Louise of Denmark.

Reign

Upon the death of his father on 31 October 1785, he became William IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. He was said to have inherited one of the largest fortunes in Europe at the time.^{[citation needed]}

William looked for help in managing his estate. He hired Mayer Amschel Rothschild as "Hoffaktor" in 1769,^[1] to supervise the operation of his properties and tax-gathering. The wealth of William's estate provided a good living for Rothschild and the men had a strong relationship; he founded the Rothschild family dynasty, which became important in financing and banking in Europe. Although they had been acquainted since 1775, William IX did not formally designate Rothschild as his overseer until 1801.

The early fortunes of the Rothschild family were made through a conjunction of financial intelligence and the wealth of Prince William. During the Napoleonic Wars, William used the Frankfurt Rothschilds to hide his fortune from Napoleon. This money then saw its way through to Nathan Mayer, (N.M.) in London, where it helped fund the British movements through Portugal and Spain. The interest made from this venture was reaped by the budding banker barons, who used it to swiftly develop their fortune and prestige in Europe and Britain. It was not long before their riches outweighed those of their benefactor, William of Hesse-Kassel.

In 1803, Landgrave William was created His Royal and Serene Highness The Prince-Elector of Hesse.^[2] In 1806 his electorate was annexed by the Kingdom of Westphalia, ruled by Jérôme Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother. William escaped to Denmark with his family and lived there in exile until the French were expelled from Germany. Following the defeat of the Napoleonic armies in the Battle of Leipzig, William was restored in 1813.

He was a member of the Tugendbund, a quasi-Masonic secret society founded after the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in June 1808 at Koningsberg.

Several other prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire had been recognized as kings at the Congress of Vienna (1815), and William attempted to join them by declaring himself King of the Chatti. However, the European powers refused to recognize this title at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) and instead granted him the grand ducal style of "Royal Highness."^[3] Deeming the title of Prince-Elector to be superior in dignity to that of Grand Duke, William chose to remain an Elector, even though there was no longer a Holy Roman Emperor to elect. Hesse-Kassel would remain an Electorate until it was annexed by Prussia in 1866.

He ruled until his death in Kassel in 1821. He was succeeded by his son William.

Issue

Wilhelm I, his wife, Wilhelmine Caroline and their children, Wilhelm, Marie Friederike and Karoline Amalie.

With his wife Wilhelmina Caroline of Denmark and Norway he had four children:

• 
  Marie Friederike (14 September 1768 – 17 April 1839), married Alexius Frederick Christian, Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg on 29 November 1794, divorced 1817


• 
  Karoline Amalie (11 July 1771 – 22 February 1848), married Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg on 24 April 1802. No issue


• Friedrich (8 August 1772 – 20 July 1784)


• 
  Wilhelm (28 July 1777 – 20 November 1847), his successor

He had several mistresses and fathered over twenty recognized illegitimate children and provided some financial means to each of them.

With his mistress Charlotte Christine Buissine:

• Wilhelm of Heimrod (1775–1811)


• Karl of Heimrod (1776–1827)


• Friedrich of Heimrod (b. & d. 1777)


• Friedrich of Heimrod (1778–1813)

With his mistress Rosa Dorothea Ritter (1759–1833):

• Wilhelm Karl of Hanau (1779–1856)


• George Wilhelm of Hanau (1781–1813)


• Philipp Ludway of Hanau (1782–1843)


• Wilhelmine of Hanau (1783–1866)


• Moritz of Hanau (1784–1812)


• Marie Sophie of Hanau (1785–1865)


• 
  Julius Jacob von Haynau (1786–1853)


• Otto of Hanau (1788–1791)

With his mistress Karoline von Schlotheim (1766–1847):

• Wilhelm Friedrich of Hessenstein (1789–1790)


• Wilhelm Karl of Hessenstein (1790–1867)


• Ferdinand of Hessenstein (1791–1794)


• Karoline of Hessenstein (1792–1797)


• Auguste of Hessenstein (1793–1795)


• Ludwig Karl of Hessenstein (1794–1857)


• Friederike of Hessenstein (1795–1855)


• Wilhelm Ludwig (1800–1836)


• Friedrich Ludwig (1803–1805)


• Karoline of Hessenstein (1804–1891)

See also

• Rulers of Hesse

Ancestry

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to William I, Elector of Hesse.

• 
  Article in the ADB^{[permanent dead link]}
  


• The Jewish Encyclopedia