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Injury
The knee of a person is examined with the help of radiography after an injury.
Specialty	Emergency medicine, Traumatology

Injury, also known as physical trauma, is damage to the body caused by external force.^[1] This may be caused by accidents, falls, hits, weapons, and other causes.^[1]Major trauma is injury that has the potential to cause prolonged disability or death.

In 2013, 4.8 million people world-wide died from injuries, up from 4.3 million in 1990.^[2] More than 30% of these deaths were transport-related injuries.^[2] In 2013, 367,000 children under the age of five died from injuries, down from 766,000 in 1990.^[2] Injuries are the cause of 9% of all deaths, and are the sixth-leading cause of death in the world.^[3][4]

Classification

Deaths from injuries per million persons in 2012 .mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}

  203-358

  359-428

  429-483

  484-559

  560-637

  638-716

  717-817

  818-939

  940-1,140

  1,141-2,961

Deaths from intentional injuries per million persons in 2012

  14-65

  66-89

  90-114

  115-137

  138-171

  172-193

  194-226

  227-291

  292-379

  380-2,730

The World Health Organization (WHO) developed the International Classification of External Causes of Injury (ICECI). Under this system, injuries are classified by:

• mechanism of injury;


• objects/substances producing injury;


• place of occurrence;


• activity when injured;


• the role of human intent;

and additional modules. These codes allow the identification of distributions of injuries in specific populations and case identification for more detailed research on causes and preventive efforts.^[5][6]

The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics developed the Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System (OIICS). Under this system injuries are classified by

• nature,


• part of body affected,


• source and secondary source, and


• event or exposure.

The OIICS was first published in 1992 and has been updated several times since.^[7]

The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) is used to classify injuries to enable research into specific sports injuries.^[8]

By cause

• Intentional injury
  
  
  
  • 
    Suicide and self-harm
    
  
  
  • 
    Violence and war
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  Accidents
  
  
  
  • Stingray injury
  
  
  • Lightning injuries
  
  
  
  

By modality

• Traumatic injury, a body wound or shock produced by sudden physical collision or movement^[9]
  
  
  • Avulsion injury
  
  
  • Blast injury
  
  
  • Bone fracture
  
  
  • Internal bleeding
  
  
  • Crush injury
  
  
  • Needlestick injury
  
  
  • Catastrophic injury
  
  
  
  


• 
  Repetitive strain injury or other strain injury
  


• Other injuries from external physical causes, such as radiation poisoning, burn, or frostbite
  
  
  
  • Radiation-induced lung injury
  
  
  • Microwave burn
  
  
  
  


• Injury from toxin or as adverse effect of a pharmaceutical drug
  
  • Toxic injury
  
  


• Injury from internal causes such as reperfusion injury
  

By location

• 
  Wound, an injury in which skin is torn, cut or punctured (an open wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a contusion (a closed wound). In pathology, it specifically refers to a sharp injury which damages the dermis of the skin.


• 
  Brain injury
  
  
  
  • Acquired brain injury
  
  
  • Coup contrecoup injury
  
  
  • Diffuse axonal injury
  
  
  • Frontal lobe injury
  
  
  
  


• 
  Nerve injury
  
  
  
  • Spinal cord injury
  
  
  • Brachial plexus injury
  
  
  • Peripheral nerve injury
  
  
  • Sciatic nerve injury
  
  
  • Injury of axillary nerve
  
  
  
  


• 
  Soft tissue injury
  
  • Penile strangulation
  
  


• 
  Cell damage, including direct DNA damage
  


• Lisfranc injury


• Tracheobronchial injury


• 
  Eye injury
  
  
  
  • Chemical eye injury
  
  
  • Eye injuries during general anaesthesia
  
  
  
  


• Acute kidney injury


• 
  Knee injury
  
  
  
  • Anterior cruciate ligament injury
  
  
  • Medial knee injuries
  
  
  
  


• Back injury


• Hand injury


• Liver injury


• 
  Head injury
  
  
  
  • Penetrating head injury
  
  
  • Closed head injury
  
  
  
  


• 
  Musculoskeletal injury
  
  • Articular cartilage injuries
  
  


• Acute lung injury


• Pancreatic injury


• Thoracic aorta injury


• Biliary injury


• Chest injury


• Asphyxia

By activity

• Reverse bite injury


• Lead climbing injuries


• Occupational injury


• Ventilator-associated lung injury


• Sea urchin injury


• Transfusion-related acute lung injury


• Illness and injuries during spaceflight

Injury severity score

The injury severity score (ISS) is a medical score to assess trauma severity.^[10][11] It correlates with mortality, morbidity, and hospitalization time after trauma. It is used to define the term major trauma (polytrauma), recognized when the ISS is greater than 15.^[11] The AIS Committee of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine designed and updates the scale.

See also

• List of causes of death by rate


• first aid

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wounds.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Injury

• 
  International Trauma Conferences (registered trauma charity providing trauma education for medical professionals worldwide)


• 
  Trauma.org (trauma resources for medical professionals)


• 
  Emergency Medicine Research and Perspectives (emergency medicine procedure videos)


• American Trauma Society


• Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine