Declaration of independence
A declaration of independence or declaration of statehood is an assertion by a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another nation or failed nation, or are breakaway territories from within the larger state. In 2010, the UN's International Court of Justice ruled in an advisory opinion in Kosovo that "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence",[1] though the state from which the territory wishes to secede may regard the declaration as rebellion, which may lead to a war of independence or a constitutional settlement to resolve the crisis.
Contents
1 List of declarations of independence
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
List of declarations of independence
| Region | Declaration | Date | Year | Association | Signatories | First recognising state |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Albania | Albanian Declaration of Independence | November 28 | 1912 | Ottoman Empire | Assembly of Vlorë | Austro-Hungarian Empire |
 United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata(present day  Argentina Uruguay  Bolivia) | Argentine Declaration of Independence | July 9 | 1816 | Spain | Congress of Tucumán | Kingdom of Hawaii |
 Armenia | First Republic of Armenia | May 28 | 1918 | Russian Empire | Armenian National Congress (1917) Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF Dashnak) | Russia |
 Azerbaijan | Azerbaijan Democratic Republic | May 28 | 1918 | Russian Empire | Azerbaijani National Council (Hasan bey Aghayev, Fatali Khan Khoyski, Nasib Yusifbeyli, Jamo bey Hajinski, Şefi bey Rustambeyli, Nariman bey Narimanbeyov, Javad Malik-Yeganov, Mustafa Mahmudov) | Ottoman Empire |
 Azawad | Azawadi declaration of independence | April 6 | 2012 | Mali | National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad | |
 Bangladesh | Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence | March 26 | 1971 | Pakistan | Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh | Bhutan |
 Belarus | Third Constituent Charter | March 25 | 1918 | Russian SFSR | Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic | |
 Belarus | Announcement of the Declaration of Independence of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia | July 31 | 1920 | Poland | Communist Party (bolsheviks) of Byelorussia, trade unions | Soviet Russia |
 Belarus | Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic | July 27 | 1990 | Soviet Union | Supreme Soviet of the BSSR | Turkey |
 Belgium | Belgian Declaration of Independence | October 4 | 1830 | Netherlands | Provisional Government of Belgium | |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina | Bosnian Declaration of Independence | March 1 | 1992 | Yugoslavia | Bulgaria | |
 Empire of Brazil | Independence of Brazil | September 7 | 1822 | Portugal | Pedro I of Brazil | United States |
| Bougainville | Bougainville Declaration of Independence | May | 1990 | Papua New Guinea | Bougainville Interim Government | unknown |
 Bulgaria | Bulgarian Declaration of Independence | September 22 | 1908 | Ottoman Empire | Ferdinand of Bulgaria and the Government of Bulgaria | Russian Empire (5 February 1909) |
 Burma | Burmese Declaration of Independence | January 4 | 1948 | United Kingdom | ||
 Catalonia | Declaration of the Catalan Republic as a state of the Iberian Federation | April 14 | 1931 | Spain | Francesc Macià, Generalitat Government of Catalonia | |
| Catalonia | Declaration of the Catalan state within the Federal Republic of Spain | October 6 | 1934 | Spain | Lluís Companys, Generalitat Government of Catalonia | |
| Catalonia | Declaration from the representatives of Catalonia as the Catalan Republic | October 27 | 2017 | Spain | ||
| Central America | Act of Independence of Central America | September 15 | 1821 | Spain | ||
 Chile | Chilean Declaration of Independence | February 12 | 1818 | Spain | National Congress | Portugal |
 Colombia | Colombian Declaration of Independence | July 20 | 1810 | Spain | ||
 Croatia | Declaration of the Establishment of the Sovereign and Independent Republic of Croatia | June 25 | 1991 | Yugoslavia | Iceland | |
 Republic of Crimea | Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea | March 11 | 2014 | Ukraine | Supreme Council of Crimea | Russia |
 Czechoslovakia | Czechoslovak Declaration of Independence | October 18 | 1918 | Austria-Hungary | Czechoslovak National Council | United States |
 Dominican Republic | Dominican Declaration of Independence | February 27 | 1844 | Haiti | United Kingdom | |
 East Timor | East Timorese declaration of independence | November 28 | 1975 | Portugal | Morocco | |
 Egypt | Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence | February 28 | 1922 | United Kingdom | Unilateral grant of independence by the British government | United Kingdom |
 Estonia | Estonian Declaration of Independence | February 24 | 1918 | Russia | Salvation Committee | Russian SFSR |
| Estonia | Estonian Reconfirmation of Independence | August 20 | 1991 | Soviet Union | Congress of Estonia | Iceland (reconfirmed earlier recognition) |
 Finland | Finnish Declaration of Independence | December 6 | 1917 | Russia | Parliament of Finland | Russian SFSR |
| Florida | Florida's Constitution of 1861 | January 10 | 1861 | United States | Florida State Legislature | |
| Galicia | Declaration of the Republic of Galicia | June 27 | 1931 | Spain | ||
 Georgia | Democratic Republic of Georgia | May 26 | 1918 | Russian Empire | Germany | |
| Georgia (U.S. state) | Georgia's secession declaration | January 29 | 1861 | United States | ||
| Greece | Greek Declaration of Independence | January 1 OS | 1822 | Ottoman Empire | First National Assembly | Haiti (1822) |
 Guinea-Bissau | Guinea-Bissau Declaration of Independence | September 24 | 1973 | Portugal | ||
 Haiti | Haitian Declaration of Independence | January 1 | 1804 | France | Jean-Jacques Dessalines | France (April 17, 1825)[2] |
| Hungary | Hungarian Declaration of Independence | April 14 | 1849 | Austrian Empire | ||
 Iceland | Icelandic Declaration of Independence | June 17 | 1944 | Denmark | United States | |
| Iraq | Iraq Declaration of Independence | October 3 | 1932 | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | |
 India | Declaration of the Independence of India | January 26 | 1930 | United Kingdom | ||
 Indonesia | Proclamation of Indonesian Independence | August 17 | 1945 | Netherlands | Sukarno & Mohammad Hatta | Egypt or Vatican[3] |
| Ireland | Proclamation of the Irish Republic | April 24 (Easter Monday) | 1916 | United Kingdom | Provisional Government of the Irish Republic | |
| Irish Republic | Irish Declaration of Independence | January 21 | 1919 | United Kingdom | Dáil Éireann | Russian SFSR |
 Israel | Israeli Declaration of Independence | May 14 | 1948 | United Kingdom | Jewish People's Council | United States |
| Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus | Northern Epirote Declaration of Independence | February 28 | 1914 | Principality of Albania | Provisional Government of Northern Epirus | |
| Katanga | Katangan Declaration of Independence | 1960 | Congo (Léopoldville) | |||
 Korea | Korean Declaration of Independence | March 1 | 1919 | Japan | Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea | Republic of China (1933) |
| Republic of the North Solomons | Declaration of Independence of the Republic of the North Solomons | September 1 | 1975 | Territory of Papua and New Guinea (Australia) | Unknown | Catholic Church |
 Kosovo | Kosovo declaration of independence | February 17 | 2008 | Serbia | Assembly of Kosovo | Afghanistan, Albania and Costa Rica |
| Republic of Kosova | Proclamation of the Republic of Kosova | September 22 | 1992 | Serbia | Provincial Assembly of Kosovo | Albania |
 Latvia | Latvian Declaration of Independence | November 18 | 1918 | Germany, Russia | People's Council of Latvia | Russian SFSR |
| Latvia | On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia | May 4 | 1990 | Soviet Union | Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR | Iceland |
 Liberia | Liberian Declaration of Independence | July 16 | 1847 | American Colonization Society | Liberian Constitutional Convention | United Kingdom |
 Lithuania | Act of Independence of Lithuania | February 16 | 1918 | Germany, Russia | Council of Lithuania | Germany |
| Lithuania | Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania | March 11 | 1990 | Soviet Union | Supreme Council of Lithuania | Iceland |
 Macedonia | Independence of the Republic of Macedonia | September 8 | 1991 | Yugoslavia | Bulgaria | |
Federation of Malaya (present day Malaysia) | Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 | August 31 | 1957 | United Kingdom | Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia | United Kingdom[4] |
| Mississippi | A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union | January 9 | 1861 | United States | ||
First Mexican Empire (present day Mexico) | Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire (real independence) | September 28 | 1821 | Spain | Supreme Provisional Governmental Board | United Kingdom (January 4, 1825)[5] |
 Moldova | Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova | August 27 | 1991 | Soviet Union | Parliament of the Republic of Moldova | Romania |
| Morocco | Moroccan Declaration of Independence | January 11 | 1944 | France | Istiqlal Party | |
 Montenegro | Montenegro declaration of independence | June 3 | 2006 | Serbia and Montenegro | Assembly of the Republic of Montenegro | Iceland |
 Netherlands | Act of Abjuration | July 26 | 1581 | Spanish Empire | Union of Utrecht | |
 New Zealand | Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand | October 28 | 1835 | — | Māori chiefs | United Kingdom[6] |
Northern America (present day Mexico) | Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America | November 6 | 1813 | Spain | Congress of Anáhuac | |
| Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus | Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus | November 15 | 1983 | Cyprus | Turkey | |
 Norway (Kingdom of Norway) | Declaration of Independence of Norway (short after, sovereign under the Swedish monarchy), and the Constitution of Norway | May 17 | 1814 | Denmark-Norway (As of Treaty of Kiel) | Norwegian Constituent Assembly | |
 Padania | Padanian Declaration of Independence | September 15 | 1996 | Italy | ||
 Pakistan | Pakistan Resolution | March 24 | 1940 | Indian Empire, United Kingdom | Muslim League (Pakistan) | |
 Palestine | Palestinian Declaration of Independence | November 15 | 1988 | Palestinian territories | Palestinian National Council | Arab League |
| Peru | Act of the Declaration of Independence of Peru | July 28 | 1821 | Spain | José de San Martín | |
 Philippines | Philippine Declaration of Independence | June 12 | 1898 | Spain | 98 representatives of Dictatorial Government of the Philippines[7] (ratified on September 29, 1898 by the Malolos Congress[8]) | |
 Rhodesia | Rhodesian Unilateral Declaration of Independence | November 11 | 1965 | United Kingdom | Ian Smith and the rest of the Cabinet | none |
 Romania | Romanian Declaration of Independence | May 22 | 1877 | Ottoman Empire | King Carol I | |
 Russia | Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | June 11 | 1990 | Soviet Union | First Congress of People's Deputies of Russia | |
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | Bir Lehlou declaration | February 27 | 1976 | Spanish Sahara | Polisario Front | Madagascar |
 Kingdom of Scotland | Declaration of Arbroath | April 6 | 1320 | Kingdom of England | Scottish leaders | |
| Serbia | The Proclamation (Proglašenije/Проглашеније) | February | 1809 | Ottoman Empire | Karađorđe Petrović and Serbian MPs | |
| Singapore | Proclamation of Singapore[9] | August 9 | 1965 | Malaysia[10][11] | Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore | United Kingdom (confirmed earlier recognition)[12] |
 Slovakia | Slovak National Council's Declaration of Independence of the Slovak Nation | July 17 | 1992 | Czechoslovakia | Slovak National Council | |
 Slovenia | Slovenian Declaration of Independence | June 25 | 1991 | Yugoslavia | Croatia | |
 Somaliland | Somaliland Declaration of Independence | May 18 | 1991 | Somalia | none | |
| South Carolina | Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union | December 24 | 1860 | United States | South Carolinians in Charleston | |
 Sri Lanka | Declaration of Independence of Sri Lanka (Then known as "Ceylon") | February 4 | 1948 | United Kingdom | ||
| Texas, Republic of | Texas Declaration of Independence | March 2 | 1836 | Mexico | France | |
| Texas | A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union | February 1 | 1861 | United States | Texas Legislature | |
 Tibet | Tibet's Declaration of Independence | February 13 | 1913 | China | 13th Dalai Lama | none |
 Turkmenistan | Declaration of independence | 1991 | Soviet Union | none | Turkey | |
 Ukraine | IV Universal | January 22 | 1918 | Russia | Central Council of Ukraine | |
| Ukraine | Declaration of Independence of Ukraine | August 24 | 1991 | Soviet Union | Verkhovna Rada | Poland/Canada[13] |
 United States | United States Declaration of Independence | July 4 | 1776 | Kingdom of Great Britain | Second Continental Congress | France |
 Uzbekistan | Declaration of Independence | August 31 | 1991 | Soviet Union | Supreme Council of Uzbekistan | Turkey |
 Venezuela | Venezuelan Declaration of Independence | July 5 | 1811 | Spain | National Congress | |
| Vermont Republic | Vermont Declaration of Independence | January 15 | 1777 | New York and New Hampshire | United States | |
 Vietnam | Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam | September 2 | 1945 | France | Hồ Chí Minh | Soviet Union |
| Lower Canada | Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada | February 22 | 1838 | United Kingdom | Robert Nelson | none |
See also
- Florida and the Declaration of Independence
- List of countries by Independence Day
- List of sovereign states by date of formation
- Separatism
- Independence referendum
- Unilateral declaration of independence
References
^ "Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo" (PDF). Icj-cij.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-23. Retrieved 2014-02-14..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Ashmore, Harry S., ed. (1961). "Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11". p. 85. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
^ http://filmindonesia.or.id/article/murti-hadi-sj-soegija-bukan-film-dakwah#.V7mqqqKKDIU
^ Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957
^ "Inglaterra: primer país que reconoce la Independencia de México" (in Spanish). Memoria Politica de México. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
^ The Lord Glenelg (25 May 1836), "EXTRACT of a DESPATCH from Lord GLENELG to Major-General Sir RICHARD BOURKE, New South Wales", written at London, Documents > Declaration of Independence, Christchurch: Waitangi Associates, retrieved 22 May 2010
^ Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2004. p. 162. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
^ Tucker, Spencer (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
^ Singapore was forced out of Malaysia by the Malaysian parliament, and the proclamations were then agreed by the two governments. See the Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965 (1985 Rev. Ed.) and the Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
^ Agreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign state
^ Agreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign state/proclamation of singapore
^ Singapore Act 1966
^ Ukraine and Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition by Roman Solchanyk, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000,
ISBN 0742510182 (page 100)
Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Vol 30, 1992, University of British Columbia Press, 1993,
ISBN 9780774804387 (page 371)
Szporluk, Roman. Russia, Ukraine and the Breakup of the Soviet Union. Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-9543-0., p. 355
External links
Media related to Declarations of independence at Wikimedia Commons
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