Ndtyjky

Just started working with Kotlin and I love it but...
I can not make any sense of Lists and Arrys in this language.
I'm not new to programming and do not need an explanation on what arrays are. What I do not understand is.

1. What is the difference between a List and an Array? They seem very much the same you access both using a[index] and use them in much the same way. If a list is immutable they are even more the same, so... What is the difference? Assuming the list is not a linked list they both work in O(1) access time.




2. If I'm using a list; What is the difference between mutable and immutable? When can I edit the content? When can I change the length?




3. There seem to be many overlapping and confusing names for the same thing. List, ListOf, ArrayList, IntArray, intArray....
   
   Could someone make an exhaustive list of all of them and give some kind of rule of thumb when you would use every one. Specifically, I find the concept of an immutable empty list very perplexing. What on earth would that be used for?




4. How do you initialize these things?

Sorry for the long question,

Thanks.

1. First difference is that List is interface describing some common list operations, while Array is a class. From memory perspective, Array is continuous region in memory which size doesn't change, that is why you can't change the size of Array after it is created, but you can change its elements, on other hand List can be implemented in different ways, meaning that memory structure can be different, most common implementations are ArrayList where array is used to store elements, and once array is filled, its changed with bigger array with contents of old one being added to new one, another implementation is LinkedList, where you have nodes pointing to next element on list. From performance perspective Array is always faster than any implementation of List but it is also much more limited.



2. Difference between List and MutableList is that when you use MutableList you can change elements of that list(add or remove elements from it), while when using immutable List you can't add or remove elements from it. Both lists allow you to change properties of those elements.



3. 
   

   Will divide this answer into three answers:

   
   
   
   
   
   • 
     List is the interface which extends Collection interface, provides basic common list operations, MutableList extends List interface as well as MutableCollection interface adding methods needed to change elements of that list, listOf is function which creates List and fills it with given arguments, by using listOf we don't need to specify which implementation of List will be used, for example on JVM List is backed by java.util.Arrays.ArrayList(not same as java.util.ArrayList), while on JavaScript side it is probably backed up by Array(take this statement with grain of salt, as I have never worked with Kotlin for JS)
   
   
   • 
     ArrayList is typealias to java.util.ArrayList, there is nothing special about it, it is implemenentation of Java's List interface, MutableList is backed by this implementation on JVM.
   
   
   • 
     Array is equivalent to Java's array, nothing special for it either, IntArray and other primitive array company is used to make up for the lack of primitive types in kotlin, Array<Int> is same as Integer in Java, while IntArray is same as int. Same logic is applied to all other variants. Using primitive types you get better performance, but difference can be neglected in most cases on modern computers, still if you have really a lot of data you should go for primitive types where possible.
   
   
   
   

You can see yourself all collections hierarchy on kotlin repository

4. Use built-in Kotlin functions like listOf, arrayOf, mutableListOf, this isn't a must, but its always good to follow best practices.

Coming from C/C++ the multitude of different names is very confusing.

Then maybe this can give C++ analogy specifically:

1. Array is like std::array (though length doesn't need to be known at compile time), or like C arrays, except it stores the length and all accesses are bounds-checked.




2. ArrayList is like std::vector (again, all accesses are bounds-checked).




3. MutableList is the interface to ArrayList (like SequenceContainer).




4. List is the read-only part of MutableList.

Generics work very differently from C++ templates, in particular there's no specialization: in C++, there is separate code generated for std::vector<int> and std::vector<std::string>, in Java and Kotlin there isn't. (Actually, Kotlin has a form of it with reified type parameters, but it doesn't apply here.) So e.g. Array<Int> and List<Int> have to work with boxed java.lang.Integers instead of primitive types. But Java does have arrays of primitives, and that's what Kotlin calls IntArray.