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Nitric oxide
	; ;
; ;	; ;
Names;
	; IUPAC name; Nitrogen monoxide;
	; Systematic IUPAC name; Oxidonitrogen(•) (additive);
	Other names; Nitric oxide; Nitrogen(II) oxide;
Identifiers;
; CAS Number;	; ; 10102-43-9 Y; ; ;
; 3D model (JSmol);	; Interactive image; ;
3DMet;	; B00122;
; ChEBI;	; ; CHEBI:16480 Y; ; ;
; ChEMBL;	; ; ChEMBL1200689 N; ; ;
; ChemSpider;	; ; 127983 Y; ; ;
; DrugBank;	; ; DB00435 Y; ; ;
; ECHA InfoCard;	; 100.030.233;
; EC Number;	233-271-0;
; Gmelin Reference;	451;
; IUPHAR/BPS;	; 2509; ;
; KEGG;	; ; D00074 Y; ; ;
; ; PubChem CID; ;	; 145068; ;
; RTECS number;	QX0525000;
; UNII;	; ; 31C4KY9ESH Y; ; ;
; UN number;	1660;
	; ; InChI; ; ; InChI=1S/NO/c1-2 Y; ; Key: MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y; ; ; ; ; InChI=1/NO/c1-2; Key: MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYAI; ; ; ; ;
	; ; SMILES; [N]=O; ; ;
Properties;
; Chemical formula;	; NO;
; Molar mass;	30.01 g·mol−1;
Appearance;	Colourless gas;
; Density;	1.3402 g dm−3;
; Melting point;	−164 °C (−263 °F; 109 K) ;
; Boiling point;	−152 °C (−242 °F; 121 K) ;
; Solubility in water;	0.0098 g/100ml (0 °C) ; 0.0056 g/100ml (20 °C);
; ; Refractive index (nD);	1.0002697;
Structure;
; Molecular shape;	linear (point group C∞v);
Thermochemistry;
; ; Std molar; entropy (So298);	210.76 J K−1 mol−1;
; ; Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfHo298);	91.29 kJ mol−1;
Pharmacology;
; ATC code;	; R07AX01 (WHO) ;
; License data;	; ; ; EU EMA: by INN; ; ; ;
; Routes of; administration;	; Inhalation;
	; Pharmacokinetics:;
; Bioavailability;	good;
; Metabolism;	via pulmonary capillary bed;
; Biological half-life;	2–6 seconds;
Hazards;
; Safety data sheet;	; External MSDS;
; ; EU classification (DSD) (outdated); ;	; O T;
; R-phrases (outdated);	; R8, R23, R34, R44;
; S-phrases (outdated);	; (S1), S17, S23, S36/37/39, S45;
; NFPA 704;	; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 0; ; ; 3; ; ; 3; ; OX; ;
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):;
; ; LC50 (median concentration);	315 ppm (rabbit, 15 min); 854 ppm (rat, 4 hr); 320 ppm (mouse);
; ; LCLo (lowest published);	2500 ppm (mouse, 12 min);
Related compounds;
; Related nitrogen oxides; ;	; Dinitrogen pentoxide; Dinitrogen tetroxide; Dinitrogen trioxide; Nitrogen dioxide; Nitrous oxide; Nitroxyl (reduced form); Hydroxylamine (hydrogenated form); ;
	; Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).;
	; N verify (what is YN ?);
	; Infobox references;
;	;

Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide^[3] or nitrogen monoxide) is a colorless gas with the formula NO. It is one of the principal oxides of nitrogen. Nitric oxide is a free radical, i.e., it has an unpaired electron, which is sometimes denoted by a dot in its chemical formula, i.e., ·NO. Nitric oxide is also a heteronuclear diatomic molecule, a historic class that drew researches which spawned early modern theories of chemical bonding.^[4]

An important intermediate in chemical industry, nitric oxide forms in combustion systems and can be generated by lightning in thunderstorms. In mammals, including humans, nitric oxide is a signaling molecule in many physiological and pathological processes.^[5] It was proclaimed the "Molecule of the Year" in 1992.^[6] The 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded for discovering nitric oxide's role as a cardiovascular signalling molecule.

Nitric oxide should not be confused with nitrous oxide (N₂O), an anesthetic, or with nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), a brown toxic gas and a major air pollutant.

Reactions

With di- and triatomic molecules

Upon condensing to a liquid, nitric oxide dimerizes to dinitrogen dioxide, but the association is weak and reversible. The N–N distance in crystalline NO is 218 pm, nearly twice the N–O distance.^[4]

Since the heat of formation of ·NO is endothermic, NO can be decomposed to the elements. Catalytic converters in cars exploit this reaction:

2 NO → O₂ + N₂.

When exposed to oxygen, nitric oxide converts into nitrogen dioxide:

2 NO + O₂ → 2 NO₂.

This conversion has been speculated as occurring via the ONOONO intermediate. In water, nitric oxide reacts with oxygen and water to form nitrous acid (HNO₂). The reaction is thought to proceed via the following stoichiometry:

4 NO + O₂ + 2 H₂O → 4 HNO₂.

Nitric oxide reacts with fluorine, chlorine, and bromine to form the nitrosyl halides, such as nitrosyl chloride:

2 NO + Cl₂ → 2 NOCl.

With NO₂, also a radical, NO combines to form the intensely blue dinitrogen trioxide:^[4]

NO + NO₂ ⇌ ON−NO₂.

Organic chemistry

Nitric oxide reacts with acetone and an alkoxide to a diazeniumdiolate or nitrosohydroxylamine and methyl acetate:^[7]

This reaction, which was discovered around 1898, remains of interest in nitric oxide prodrug research. Nitric oxide can also react directly with sodium methoxide, forming sodium formate and nitrous oxide.^[8]

Coordination complexes

Nitric oxide reacts with transition metals to give complexes called metal nitrosyls. The most common bonding mode of nitric oxide is the terminal linear type (M−NO).^[4] Alternatively, nitric oxide can serve as a one-electron pseudohalide. In such complexes, the M−N−O group is characterized by an angle between 120° and 140°. The NO group can also bridge between metal centers through the nitrogen atom in a variety of geometries.

Production and preparation

In commercial settings, nitric oxide is produced by the oxidation of ammonia at 750–900 °C (normally at 850 °C) with platinum as catalyst:

4 NH₃ + 5 O₂ → 4 NO + 6 H₂O

The uncatalyzed endothermic reaction of oxygen (O₂) and nitrogen (N₂), which is effected at high temperature (>2000 °C) by lightning has not been developed into a practical commercial synthesis (see Birkeland–Eyde process):

N₂ + O₂ → 2 NO

Laboratory methods

In the laboratory, nitric oxide is conveniently generated by reduction of dilute nitric acid with copper:

8 HNO₃ + 3 Cu → 3 Cu(NO₃)₂ + 4 H₂O + 2 NO

An alternative route involves the reduction of nitrous acid in the form of sodium nitrite or potassium nitrite:

2 NaNO₂ + 2 NaI + 2 H₂SO₄ → I₂ + 4 NaHSO₄ + 2 NO

2 NaNO₂ + 2 FeSO₄ + 3 H₂SO₄ → Fe₂(SO₄)₃ + 2 NaHSO₄ + 2 H₂O + 2 NO

3 KNO₂ + KNO₃ + Cr₂O₃ → 2 K₂CrO₄ + 4 NO

The iron(II) sulfate route is simple and has been used in undergraduate laboratory experiments. So-called NONOate compounds are also used for nitric oxide generation.

Detection and assay

Nitric oxide (white) in conifer cells, visualized using DAF-2 DA (diaminofluorescein diacetate)

Nitric oxide concentration can be determined using a chemiluminescent reaction involving ozone.^[9] A sample containing nitric oxide is mixed with a large quantity of ozone. The nitric oxide reacts with the ozone to produce oxygen and nitrogen dioxide, accompanied with emission of light (chemiluminescence):

NO + O₃ → NO₂ + O₂ + hν

which can be measured with a photodetector. The amount of light produced is proportional to the amount of nitric oxide in the sample.

Other methods of testing include electroanalysis (amperometric approach), where ·NO reacts with an electrode to induce a current or voltage change. The detection of NO radicals in biological tissues is particularly difficult due to the short lifetime and concentration of these radicals in tissues. One of the few practical methods is spin trapping of nitric oxide with iron-dithiocarbamate complexes and subsequent detection of the mono-nitrosyl-iron complex with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR).^[10]^[11]

A group of fluorescent dye indicators that are also available in acetylated form for intracellular measurements exist. The most common compound is 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2).^[12]

Environmental effects

Acid deposition

Nitric oxide reacts with the hydroperoxy radical (HO₂^•) to form nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), which then can react with a hydroxyl radical (^•OH) to produce nitric acid (HNO₃):

·NO + HO₂^•→ ^•NO₂ + ^•OH

·NO₂ + ^•OH → HNO₃

Nitric acid, along with sulfuric acid, contribute acid rain deposition.

Ozone depletion

Furthermore, ·NO participates in ozone layer depletion. In this process, nitric oxide reacts with stratospheric ozone to form O₂ and nitrogen dioxide:

·NO + O₃ → NO₂ + O₂

As seen in the Concentration Measurement section, this reaction is also utilized to measure concentrations of ·NO in control volumes.

Precursor to NO₂

As seen in the Acid deposition section, nitric oxide can transform into nitrogen dioxide (this can happen with the hydroperoxy radical, HO₂^•, or diatomic oxygen, O₂). Symptoms of short-term nitrogen dioxide exposure include nausea, dyspnea and headache. Long-term effects could include impaired immune and respiratory function.^[13]

Biological functions

NO is a gaseous signaling molecule.^[14] It is a key vertebrate biological messenger, playing a role in a variety of biological processes.^[15] It is a known bioproduct in almost all types of organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants, fungi, and animal cells.^[16]

Nitric oxide, known as an endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), is biosynthesized endogenously from L-arginine, oxygen, and NADPH by various nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes.^[17] Reduction of inorganic nitrate may also serve to make nitric oxide.^[18] One of the main enzymatic targets of nitric oxide is guanylyl cyclase.^[19] The binding of nitric oxide to the haem region of the enzyme leads to activation, in the presence of iron.^[19] Nitric oxide is highly reactive (having a lifetime of a few seconds), yet diffuses freely across membranes. These attributes make nitric oxide ideal for a transient paracrine (between adjacent cells) and autocrine (within a single cell) signaling molecule.^[18] Once nitric oxide is converted to nitrates and nitrites by oxygen and water, cell signaling is deactivated.^[19]

The endothelium (inner lining) of blood vessels uses nitric oxide to signal the surrounding smooth muscle to relax, thus resulting in vasodilation and increasing blood flow.^[18]Viagra, or the generic: sildenafil, is a common example of a drug that uses the nitric oxide pathway. Viagra does not produce nitric oxide, but inhibits the pathways that counteract the nitric oxide pathway, allowing for the signal to be enhanced, and thus vasodilation.^[17]

Occupational safety and health

In the U.S., the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for nitric oxide exposure in the workplace as 25 ppm (30 mg/m³) over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 25 ppm (30 mg/m³) over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 100 ppm, nitric oxide is immediately dangerous to life and health.^[20]

References

^ "Nitric Oxide (CHEBI:16480)". Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI). UK: European Bioinformatics Institute..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

^ ^a^b "Nitric oxide". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

^ IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005. PDF.

^ ^a^b^c^d Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.

^ Hou, YC; Janczuk, A; Wang, PG (1999). "Current trends in the development of nitric oxide donors". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 5 (6): 417–41. PMID 10390607.

^ Culotta, Elizabeth; Koshland, Daniel E. Jr (1992). "NO news is good news". Science. 258 (5090): 1862–1864. doi:10.1126/science.1361684. PMID 1361684.

^ Traube, Wilhelm (1898). "Ueber Synthesen stickstoffhaltiger Verbindungen mit Hülfe des Stickoxyds". Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie (in German). 300: 81–128. doi:10.1002/jlac.18983000108.

^ Derosa, Frank; Keefer, Larry K.; Hrabie, Joseph A. (2008). "Nitric Oxide Reacts with Methoxide". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 73 (3): 1139–42. doi:10.1021/jo7020423. PMID 18184006.

^ Fontijn, Arthur.; Sabadell, Alberto J.; Ronco, Richard J. (1970). "Homogeneous chemiluminescent measurement of nitric oxide with ozone. Implications for continuous selective monitoring of gaseous air pollutants". Analytical Chemistry. 42 (6): 575–579. doi:10.1021/ac60288a034.

^ Vanin, A; Huisman, A; Van Faassen, E (2002). Iron dithiocarbamate as spin trap for nitric oxide detection: Pitfalls and successes. Methods in Enzymology. 359. pp. 27–42. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(02)59169-2. ISBN 9780121822620. PMID 12481557.

^ Nagano, T; Yoshimura, T (2002). "Bioimaging of nitric oxide". Chemical Reviews. 102 (4): 1235–70. doi:10.1021/cr010152s. PMID 11942795.

^ Kojima H, Nakatsubo N, Kikuchi K, Kawahara S, Kirino Y, Nagoshi H, Hirata Y, Nagano T (1998). "Detection and imaging of nitric oxide with novel fluorescent indicators: diaminofluoresceins". Anal. Chem. 70 (13): 2446–2453. doi:10.1021/ac9801723. PMID 9666719.

^ "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention". NIOSH. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2015.

^ Liu, Hongying; Weng, Lingyan; Yang, Chi (2017-03-28). "A review on nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for H2O2, H2S and NO inside cells or released by cells". Microchimica Acta. 184 (5): 1267–1283. doi:10.1007/s00604-017-2179-2. ISSN 0026-3672.

^ Weller, Richard, Could the sun be good for your heart? TedxGlasgow. Filmed March 2012, posted January 2013

^ Roszer, T (2012) The Biology of Subcellular Nitric Oxide.
ISBN 978-94-007-2818-9

^ ^a^b Perez, Krystle M.; Laughon, Matthew (November 2015). "Sildenafil in Term and Premature Infants: A Systematic Review". Clinical Therapeutics. 37 (11): 2598–2607.e1. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.07.019. ISSN 0149-2918. PMID 26490498.

^ ^a^b^c Stryer, Lubert (1995). Biochemistry, 4th Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 732. ISBN 978-0-7167-2009-6.

^ ^a^b^c T., Hancock, John (2010). Cell signalling (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199232109. OCLC 444336556.

^ "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Nitric oxide". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-20.

External links

International Chemical Safety Card 1311

CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discovery of NO's role in cardiovascular regulation

"Nitric oxide and its role in health and diabetes" (PDF). 2015-10-21.

Microscale Gas Chemistry: Experiments with Nitrogen Oxides

Your Brain Boots Up Like a Computer – new insights about the biological role of nitric oxide.

Assessing The Potential of Nitric Oxide in the Diabetic Foot

New Discoveries About Nitric Oxide Can Provide Drugs For Schizophrenia

Nitric Oxide at the Chemical Database

[1] "Nitric Oxide (CHEBI:16480)". Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI). UK: European Bioinformatics Institute..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

[IDLH-2] "Nitric oxide". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[3] IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005. PDF.

[G&E-4] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.

[5] Hou, YC; Janczuk, A; Wang, PG (1999). "Current trends in the development of nitric oxide donors". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 5 (6): 417–41. PMID 10390607.

[pmid1361684-6] Culotta, Elizabeth; Koshland, Daniel E. Jr (1992). "NO news is good news". Science. 258 (5090): 1862–1864. doi:10.1126/science.1361684. PMID 1361684.

[7] Traube, Wilhelm (1898). "Ueber Synthesen stickstoffhaltiger Verbindungen mit Hülfe des Stickoxyds". Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie (in German). 300: 81–128. doi:10.1002/jlac.18983000108.

[8] Derosa, Frank; Keefer, Larry K.; Hrabie, Joseph A. (2008). "Nitric Oxide Reacts with Methoxide". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 73 (3): 1139–42. doi:10.1021/jo7020423. PMID 18184006.

[9] Fontijn, Arthur.; Sabadell, Alberto J.; Ronco, Richard J. (1970). "Homogeneous chemiluminescent measurement of nitric oxide with ozone. Implications for continuous selective monitoring of gaseous air pollutants". Analytical Chemistry. 42 (6): 575–579. doi:10.1021/ac60288a034.

[10] Vanin, A; Huisman, A; Van Faassen, E (2002). Iron dithiocarbamate as spin trap for nitric oxide detection: Pitfalls and successes. Methods in Enzymology. 359. pp. 27–42. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(02)59169-2. ISBN 9780121822620. PMID 12481557.

[11] Nagano, T; Yoshimura, T (2002). "Bioimaging of nitric oxide". Chemical Reviews. 102 (4): 1235–70. doi:10.1021/cr010152s. PMID 11942795.

[undefined-12] Kojima H, Nakatsubo N, Kikuchi K, Kawahara S, Kirino Y, Nagoshi H, Hirata Y, Nagano T (1998). "Detection and imaging of nitric oxide with novel fluorescent indicators: diaminofluoresceins". Anal. Chem. 70 (13): 2446–2453. doi:10.1021/ac9801723. PMID 9666719.

[13] "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention". NIOSH. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2015.

[14] Liu, Hongying; Weng, Lingyan; Yang, Chi (2017-03-28). "A review on nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for H2O2, H2S and NO inside cells or released by cells". Microchimica Acta. 184 (5): 1267–1283. doi:10.1007/s00604-017-2179-2. ISSN 0026-3672.

[15] Weller, Richard, Could the sun be good for your heart? TedxGlasgow. Filmed March 2012, posted January 2013

[16] Roszer, T (2012) The Biology of Subcellular Nitric Oxide.
ISBN 978-94-007-2818-9

[Perez_2598–2607.e1-17] Perez, Krystle M.; Laughon, Matthew (November 2015). "Sildenafil in Term and Premature Infants: A Systematic Review". Clinical Therapeutics. 37 (11): 2598–2607.e1. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.07.019. ISSN 0149-2918. PMID 26490498.

[stryer-18] Stryer, Lubert (1995). Biochemistry, 4th Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 732. ISBN 978-0-7167-2009-6.

[:0-19] T., Hancock, John (2010). Cell signalling (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199232109. OCLC 444336556.

[20] "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Nitric oxide". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-20.

v t e Oxides
Mixed oxidation states	Antimony tetroxide (Sb₂O₄) Cobalt(II,III) oxide (Co₃O₄) Europium(II,III) oxide (Eu₃O₄) Iron(II,III) oxide (Fe₃O₄) Lead(II,IV) oxide (Pb₃O₄) Manganese(II,III) oxide (Mn₃O₄) Silver(I,III) oxide (Ag₂O₂) Triuranium octoxide (U₃O₈) Carbon suboxide (C₃O₂) Mellitic anhydride (C₁₂O₉) Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide (Pr₆O₁₁) Terbium(III,IV) oxide (Tb₄O₇)
+1 oxidation state	Copper(I) oxide (Cu₂O) Caesium oxide (Cs₂O) Dicarbon monoxide (C₂O) Dichlorine monoxide (Cl₂O) Gallium(I) oxide (Ga₂O) Lithium oxide (Li₂O) Potassium oxide (K₂O) Rubidium oxide (Rb₂O) Silver oxide (Ag₂O) Thallium(I) oxide (Tl₂O) Sodium oxide (Na₂O) Water (hydrogen oxide) (H₂O)
+2 oxidation state	Aluminium(II) oxide (AlO) Barium oxide (BaO) Beryllium oxide (BeO) Cadmium oxide (CdO) Calcium oxide (CaO) Carbon monoxide (CO) Chromium(II) oxide (CrO) Cobalt(II) oxide (CoO) Copper(II) oxide (CuO) Europium(II) oxide (EuO) Germanium monoxide (GeO)) Iron(II) oxide (FeO) Lead(II) oxide (PbO) Magnesium oxide (MgO) Manganese(II) oxide (MnO) Mercury(II) oxide (HgO) Nickel(II) oxide (NiO) Nitric oxide (NO) Palladium(II) oxide (PdO) Silicon monoxide (SiO) Strontium oxide (SrO) Sulfur monoxide (SO) Disulfur dioxide (S₂O₂) Thorium monoxide (ThO) Tin(II) oxide (SnO) Titanium(II) oxide (TiO) Vanadium(II) oxide (VO) Zinc oxide (ZnO)
+3 oxidation state	Aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) Antimony trioxide (Sb₂O₃) Arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) Bismuth(III) oxide (Bi₂O₃) Boron trioxide (B₂O₃) Cerium(III) oxide (Ce₂O₃) Dibromine trioxide (Br₂O₃) Chromium(III) oxide (Cr₂O₃) Dinitrogen trioxide (N₂O₃) Dysprosium(III) oxide (Dy₂O₃) Erbium(III) oxide (Er₂O₃) Europium(III) oxide (Eu₂O₃) Gadolinium(III) oxide (Gd₂O₃) Gallium(III) oxide (Ga₂O₃) Holmium(III) oxide (Ho₂O₃) Indium(III) oxide (In₂O₃) Iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃) Lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃) Lutetium(III) oxide (Lu₂O₃) Manganese(III) oxide (Mn₂O₃) Neodymium(III) oxide (Nd₂O₃) Nickel(III) oxide (Ni₂O₃) Phosphorus trioxide (P₄O₆) Praseodymium(III) oxide (Pr₂O₃) Promethium(III) oxide (Pm₂O₃) Rhodium(III) oxide (Rh₂O₃) Samarium(III) oxide (Sm₂O₃) Scandium oxide (Sc₂O₃) Terbium(III) oxide (Tb₂O₃) Thallium(III) oxide (Tl₂O₃) Thulium(III) oxide (Tm₂O₃) Titanium(III) oxide (Ti₂O₃) Tungsten(III) oxide (W₂O₃) Vanadium(III) oxide (V₂O₃) Ytterbium(III) oxide (Yb₂O₃) Yttrium(III) oxide (Y₂O₃)
+4 oxidation state	Americium dioxide (AmO₂) Carbon dioxide (CO₂) Carbon trioxide (CO₃) Cerium(IV) oxide (CeO₂) Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) Chromium(IV) oxide (CrO₂) Dinitrogen tetroxide (N₂O₄) Germanium dioxide (GeO₂) Hafnium(IV) oxide (HfO₂) Lead dioxide (PbO₂) Manganese dioxide (MnO₂) Neptunium(IV) oxide (NpO₂) Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) Osmium dioxide (OsO₂) Plutonium(IV) oxide (PuO₂) Praseodymium(IV) oxide (PrO₂) Protactinium(IV) oxide (PaO₂) Rhodium(IV) oxide (RhO₂) Ruthenium(IV) oxide (RuO₂) Selenium dioxide (SeO₂) Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) Tellurium dioxide (TeO₂) Terbium(IV) oxide (TbO₂) Thorium dioxide (ThO₂) Tin dioxide (SnO₂) Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) Tungsten(IV) oxide (WO₂) Uranium dioxide (UO₂) Vanadium(IV) oxide (VO₂) Zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂)
+5 oxidation state	Antimony pentoxide (Sb₂O₅) Arsenic pentoxide (As₂O₅) Dinitrogen pentoxide (N₂O₅) Niobium pentoxide (Nb₂O₅) Phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) Protactinium(V) oxide (Pa₂O₅) Tantalum pentoxide (Ta₂O₅) Vanadium(V) oxide (V₂O₅)
+6 oxidation state	Chromium trioxide (CrO₃) Molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃) Rhenium trioxide (ReO₃) Selenium trioxide (SeO₃) Sulfur trioxide (SO₃) Tellurium trioxide (TeO₃) Tungsten trioxide (WO₃) Uranium trioxide (UO₃) Xenon trioxide (XeO₃) Iridium trioxide (IrO₃)
+7 oxidation state	Dichlorine heptoxide (Cl₂O₇) Manganese heptoxide (Mn₂O₇) Rhenium(VII) oxide (Re₂O₇) Technetium(VII) oxide (Tc₂O₇)
+8 oxidation state	Osmium tetroxide (OsO₄) Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO₄) Xenon tetroxide (XeO₄) Iridium tetroxide (IrO₄) Hassium tetroxide (HsO₄)
Related	Oxocarbon Suboxide Oxyanion Ozonide Peroxide Superoxide
Oxides are sorted by oxidation state. Category:Oxides

v t e Neurotransmitters
Amino acid-derived	Major excitatory/inhibitory systems: Glutamate system: Agmatine Aspartic acid (aspartate) Cycloserine Glutamic acid (glutamate) Glutathione Glycine GSNO GSSG Kynurenic acid NAA NAAG Proline Serine; GABA system: GABA GABOB GHB; Glycine system: α-Alanine β-Alanine Glycine Hypotaurine Proline Sarcosine Serine Taurine; GHB system: GHB T-HCA (GHC) Biogenic amines: Monoamines: 6-OHM Dopamine Epinephrine (adrenaline) NAS (normelatonin) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Serotonin (5-HT); Trace amines: 3-Iodothyronamine N-Methylphenethylamine N-Methyltryptamine m-Octopamine p-Octopamine Phenylethanolamine Phenethylamine Synephrine Tryptamine m-Tyramine p-Tyramine; Others: Histamine Neuropeptides: See here instead.
Lipid-derived	Endocannabinoids: 2-AG 2-AGE (noladin ether) 2-ALPI 2-OG AA-5-HT Anandamide (AEA) DEA LPI NADA NAGly OEA Oleamide PEA RVD-Hpα SEA Virodhamine (O-AEA) Neurosteroids: See here instead.
Nucleobase-derived	Nucleosides: Adenosine system: Adenosine ADP AMP ATP
Vitamin-derived	Cholinergic system: Acetylcholine
Miscellaneous	Gasotransmitters: Carbon monoxide (CO) Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) Nitric oxide (NO); Candidates: Acetaldehyde Ammonia (NH₃) Carbonyl sulfide (COS) Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Sulfur dioxide (SO₂)

v t e GABA_A receptor positive modulators
Alcohols	Brometone Butanol Chloralodol Chlorobutanol (cloretone) Ethanol (alcohol) (alcoholic drink) Ethchlorvynol Isobutanol Isopropanol Menthol Methanol Methylpentynol Pentanol Petrichloral Propanol tert-Butanol (2M2P) tert-Pentanol (2M2B) Tribromoethanol Trichloroethanol Triclofos Trifluoroethanol
Barbiturates	(-)-DMBB Allobarbital Alphenal Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbexaclone Barbital Benzobarbital Benzylbutylbarbiturate Brallobarbital Brophebarbital Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital Butalbital Buthalital Butobarbital Butallylonal Carbubarb Crotylbarbital Cyclobarbital Cyclopentobarbital Difebarbamate Enallylpropymal Ethallobarbital Eterobarb Febarbamate Heptabarb Heptobarbital Hexethal Hexobarbital Metharbital Methitural Methohexital Methylphenobarbital Narcobarbital Nealbarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Phetharbital Primidone Probarbital Propallylonal Propylbarbital Proxibarbital Reposal Secobarbital Sigmodal Spirobarbital Talbutal Tetrabamate Tetrabarbital Thialbarbital Thiamylal Thiobarbital Thiobutabarbital Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Valofane Vinbarbital Vinylbital
Benzodiazepines	2-Oxoquazepam 3-Hydroxyphenazepam Adinazolam Alprazolam Arfendazam Avizafone Bentazepam Bretazenil Bromazepam Brotizolam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Ciclotizolam Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clazolam Climazolam Clobazam Clonazepam Clonazolam Cloniprazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam CP-1414S Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Diazepam Diclazepam Doxefazepam Elfazepam Estazolam Ethyl carfluzepate Ethyl dirazepate Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam EVT-201 FG-8205 Fletazepam Flubromazepam Flubromazolam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flunitrazolam Flurazepam Flutazolam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Haloxazolam Iclazepam Imidazenil Irazepine Ketazolam Lofendazam Lopirazepam Loprazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Mexazolam Midazolam Motrazepam N-Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nitrazolam Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Oxazolam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Premazepam Proflazepam Pyrazolam QH-II-66 Quazepam Reclazepam Remimazolam Rilmazafone Ripazepam Ro48-6791 Ro48-8684 SH-053-R-CH3-2′F Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tolufazepam Triazolam Triflubazam Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904) Tuclazepam Uldazepam Zapizolam Zolazepam Zomebazam
Carbamates	Carisbamate Carisoprodol Clocental Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Emylcamate Ethinamate Febarbamate Felbamate Hexapropymate Lorbamate Mebutamate Meprobamate Nisobamate Pentabamate Phenprobamate Procymate Styramate Tetrabamate Tybamate
Flavonoids	6-Methylapigenin Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin) Apigenin Baicalein Baicalin Catechin EGC EGCG Hispidulin Linarin Luteolin Rc-OMe Skullcap constituents (e.g., baicalin) Wogonin
Imidazoles	Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate
Kava constituents	10-Methoxyyangonin 11-Methoxyyangonin 11-Hydroxyyangonin Desmethoxyyangonin 11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain 7,8-Dihydroyangonin Kavain 5-Hydroxykavain 5,6-Dihydroyangonin 7,8-Dihydrokavain 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin 5,6-Dehydromethysticin Methysticin 7,8-Dihydromethysticin Yangonin
Monoureides	Acecarbromal Apronal (apronalide) Bromisoval Carbromal Capuride Ectylurea
Neuroactive steroids	Acebrochol Allopregnanolone (brexanolone) Alfadolone Alfaxalone 3α-Androstanediol Androstenol Androsterone Certain anabolic-androgenic steroids Cholesterol DHDOC 3α-DHP 5α-DHP 5β-DHP DHT Etiocholanolone Ganaxolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone ORG-20599 ORG-21465 P1-185 Pregnanolone (eltanolone) Progesterone Renanolone SAGE-105 SAGE-217 SAGE-324 SAGE-516 SAGE-689 SAGE-872 Testosterone THDOC
Nonbenzodiazepines	β-Carbolines: Abecarnil Gedocarnil Harmane SL-651,498 ZK-93423 Cyclopyrrolones: Eszopiclone Pagoclone Pazinaclone Suproclone Suriclone Zopiclone Imidazopyridines: Alpidem DS-1 Necopidem Saripidem Zolpidem Pyrazolopyrimidines: Divaplon Fasiplon Indiplon Lorediplon Ocinaplon Panadiplon Taniplon Zaleplon Others: Adipiplon CGS-8216 CGS-9896 CGS-13767 CGS-20625 CL-218,872 CP-615,003 CTP-354 ELB-139 GBLD-345 Imepitoin JM-1232 L-838,417 Lirequinil (Ro41-3696) NS-2664 NS-2710 NS-11394 Pipequaline ROD-188 RWJ-51204 SB-205,384 SX-3228 TGSC01AA TP-003 TPA-023 TP-13 U-89843A U-90042 Viqualine Y-23684
Phenols	Fospropofol Propofol Thymol
Piperidinediones	Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione
Pyrazolopyridines	Cartazolate Etazolate ICI-190,622 Tracazolate
Quinazolinones	Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL-164
Volatiles/gases	Acetone Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Aliflurane Benzene Butane Butylene Centalun Chloral Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloroform Cryofluorane Desflurane Dichloralphenazone Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethyl chloride Ethylene Fluroxene Gasoline Halopropane Halothane Isoflurane Kerosine Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Norflurane Paraldehyde Propane Propylene Roflurane Sevoflurane Synthane Teflurane Toluene Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) Trichloroethylene Vinyl ether
Others/unsorted	3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium bromide, sodium bromide) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole DEABL Dihydroergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergosine, dihydroergotamine, ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)) DS2 Efavirenz Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates (e.g., flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Hopantenic acid Lanthanum Lavender oil Lignans (e.g., 4-O-methylhonokiol, honokiol, magnolol, obovatol) Loreclezole Menthyl isovalerate (validolum) Monastrol Niacin Nicotinamide (niacinamide) Org 25,435 Phenytoin Propanidid Retigabine (ezogabine) Safranal Seproxetine Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal), tetronal, trional) Terpenoids (e.g., borneol) Topiramate Valerian constituents (e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol) Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators: α-Pinene MRK-409 (MK-0343) TCS-1105 TCS-1205
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • GABA receptor modulators • GABA metabolism/transport modulators

v t e Other respiratory system products (R07)
Lung surfactants	Colfosceril palmitate Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
Respiratory stimulants	Almitrine Amiphenazole Bemegride Dimefline Doxapram Etamivan GAL-021 Mepixanox Nikethamide Pentetrazol Prethcamide
5-HT4 receptor agonists	BIMU-8 Zacopride
Other agents for treating respiratory depression	Ivacaftor (+ lumacaftor) Nitric oxide BW373U86 CX-546 CX-717

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Nitric oxide

Contents

Reactions

With di- and triatomic molecules

Organic chemistry

Coordination complexes

Production and preparation

Laboratory methods

Detection and assay

Environmental effects

Acid deposition

Ozone depletion

Precursor to NO₂

Biological functions

Occupational safety and health

References

Further reading

External links

Popular posts from this blog

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Nitric oxide

Contents

Reactions

With di- and triatomic molecules

Organic chemistry

Coordination complexes

Production and preparation

Laboratory methods

Detection and assay

Environmental effects

Acid deposition

Ozone depletion

Precursor to NO2

Biological functions

Occupational safety and health

References

Further reading

External links

Popular posts from this blog

Florida Star v. B. J. F.

Error while running script in elastic search , gateway timeout

Adding quotations to stringified JSON object values

Precursor to NO₂