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Corpus Christi College
Oxford
Blazon: see below
Location	Merton Street
Coordinates	51°45′03″N 1°15′13″W / 51.750909°N 1.253702°W / 51.750909; -1.253702Coordinates: 51°45′03″N 1°15′13″W / 51.750909°N 1.253702°W / 51.750909; -1.253702
Full name	Corpus Christi College in the University of Oxford[1]
Established	1517
Named for	Corpus Christi, Body of Christ
Sister college	Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
President	Dr Helen Moore[2]
Undergraduates	252[3] (December 2017)
Postgraduates	93[3] (December 2017)
Website	www.ccc.ox.ac.uk
JCR	Corpus Christi JCR
MCR	Corpus Christi MCR
Boat club	College Boat Club
Map
Location in Oxford city centre

Corpus Christi College (formally, Corpus Christi College in the University of Oxford, informally abbreviated as Corpus or CCC), is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1517, it is the 12th oldest college in Oxford, with a financial endowment of £139 million as of 2017^[update].^[4]

The college, situated on Merton Street between Merton College and Christ Church, is one of the smallest in Oxford by student population, having around 250 undergraduates and 90 graduates. It is academic by Oxford standards, averaging in the top half of the university's informal ranking system, the Norrington Table, in recent years, and coming second in 2009–10.^[5]

The college's role in the translation of the King James Bible is historically significant. The college is also noted for the pillar sundial in the main quadrangle,^[6] known as the Pelican Sundial, which was erected in 1581.^[7] Corpus achieved notability in more recent years by winning University Challenge on 9 May 2005 and once again on 23 February 2009, although the latter win was later disqualified.^[8][9]

The Visitor of the college is ex officio the Bishop of Winchester, currently Tim Dakin.

History

Foundation

Corpus Christi College was founded by Richard Foxe, Bishop of Winchester and accomplished statesman. After joining the church, Foxe worked as a diplomat for Henry Tudor. He became a close confidant of his and, during Henry's reign as Henry VII, was appointed Keeper of the Privy Seal and promoted up the bishoprics, eventually becoming Bishop of Winchester. Throughout this time he was involved in Oxford and Cambridge Universities: he had been Visitor of Magdalen College and of Balliol College, had amended Balliol's statutes for a papal commission, was master of Pembroke College, Cambridge for 12 years and had been involved in the foundation of St John's College, Cambridge, as one of Lady Margaret Beaufort's executors.^[10]

Foxe began to build from 1513. He bought a nunnery, two halls, two inns and the Bachelor's Garden of Merton College.^[11] The college buildings were probably complete by 1520.^[12]

Foxe was assisted in his foundation by his friend Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter, and Oldham's steward, William Frost. Oldham was a patron of education and donated £4,000 and land in Chelsea towards the foundation. For this, he was styled præcipuus benefactor (principal benefactor) by Foxe, remembered in daily prayers and a scholarship was established for students from Lancashire, where Oldham was born.^[13][14] Frost bequeathed his estate in Mapledurwell to the college, for which he and wife were remembered in a yearly prayer and a scholarship was founded for his descendants.^[15][16]

Foxe was granted letters patent for the foundation by Henry VIII in 1516.^[17] The college was officially founded in 1517, when Foxe established the college statutes.^[18] These specified that that the college was to contain twenty fellows, twenty students, three lecturers, two priests, two clerks and two choristers.^[19]

The library of the college was "probably, when completed, the largest and best furnished library then in Europe".^[20] The scholar Erasmus noted in a letter of 1519 to the first President, John Claymond, that it was a library "inter praecipua decora Britanniae" ("among the chief beauties of Britain"), and praised it as a "biblioteca trilinguis" ("trilingual library") containing, as it did, books in Latin, Greek and Hebrew.^[21]

Founding fellows of the College included Reginald Pole, who would become the last Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury.^[22]

Later developments

In its first hundred years, Corpus hosted leading divines who would lay the foundations of the Anglican Christian identity. John Jewel was Corpus' Reader of Latin, worked to defend a Protestant bent in the Church of England and the Elizabethan Religious Settlement.^[23]John Rainolds, elected President in 1598, suggested the idea of the King James Bible and contributed to its text.^[24]Richard Hooker, author of the influential Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, was deputy professor of Hebrew.^[25]

No one county in England bare three such men (contemporary at large) [Jewel, Rainolds and Hooker] in what college soever they were bred, no college in England bred three such men, in what county soever they were born.

— Thomas Fuller, The Church History of Britain^[26]

The important Spanish humanist Juan Luis Vives taught at Corpus during the 1520s while tutor to Mary Tudor, later Mary I of England.

John Keble, a leader of the Oxford Movement, was an undergraduate at Corpus at the start of the 19th century, and went on to a fellowship at Oriel and to have a college named after him (Keble College, Oxford).

Having been founded nearly half a millennium earlier as a college for men only, Corpus Christi was among many of Oxford's men's colleges to admit its first female undergraduate students in 1979 (though women graduate students were admitted five years earlier).^[27]

Structures

Buildings

The main buildings on the main college site are the Main Quad, the West Building, the MBI Al Jaber Auditorium, the Fellows' Building, Gentleman-Commoners' Quad and Thomas Quad.

The aisle of the library as seen from the former President's Study in the far west end. The chapel is visible through a pane of glass at the end of the library.

The Main Quad was built for the college's foundation and designed in a late Mediaeval style. The quad was constructed by distinguished builders associated with Henry VIII's Office of Work: master mason William Vertue, master mason William East and carpenter Humphrey Coke (Warden of the Carpenter's Company in London).^[28] The quad's architecture later inspired that of Oglethorpe University.^[29]

The chapel adjoins the library and is just off the Main Quad. Its location is unusual: many colleges (even small ones) had their chapel in their main quad, with some colleges placing them on the first floor to fit them in (e.g. Lincoln and Brasenose).^[30] Its lectern is one of the first bronze eagle lecterns in Oxford; it is the only pre-Reformation one and was a gift of the first president. The chapel's altarpiece is a copy of Ruben's Adoration of the Shepherds, a gift from the antiquarian Sir Richard Worsley.^[31][32]

On the corner of Merton Street and Magpie Lane, lie the Jackson and Oldham buildings and Kybald Twychen, which all house students. In 1884–85, the New Building and Annexe were designed and erected by T. G. Jackson, replacing town houses on Magpie Lane.^[33] Jackson's New Building was itself replaced between in the late 1960s with a modernist design by Powell and Moya.^[34] Powell and Moya's building uses local limestone rubble, an exposed concrete frame and has the architects' trademark large windows. Great efforts to make the design fit in with the mix of architectures: the plain wall of Oriel College, Merton's Gothic chapel and T. G. Jackson's unrestrained, heavily ornamented Annexe.^[35] In 2017, the New Building and Annexe were substantially renovated and renamed the Oldham and Jackson Buildings, respectively.^[36]

Corpus also owns several buildings further afield: the Liddell Building on Iffley Road (built with Christ Church in 1991),^[36] the Lampl Building on Park End Street (completed in 2014 and named after Sir Peter Lampl)^[37] and houses on Banbury Road.

Pelican Sundial

A sketch by Robert Hegge of the dial c. 1600.

The Pelican Sundial is the large pillar in the centre of Corpus' main quad and dates from 1579. The sundial is named after the gold-painted Pelican on an armillary sphere at the top of the pillar.^[38] "Pelican Sundial" is a misnomer, as the pillar contains 27 separate sundials.^[39] Nine of the sundials are found easily: four on each face of the square frustum beneath the pelican, four beneath each coat of arms on the cuboid and one facing south on the curved pillar shaft.^[40] The remaining sundials are found on the hollows and scallops surrounding the east and west arms. The symbols surrounding the sundials are used to reckon feast days and the signs of the Zodiac.^[41] The pillar shaft is covered by three tables: one for calculating the dates of the movable and fixed feasts and the Oxford and legal terms; one being a perpetual calendar and one for finding the time by moonlight.^[42]

History and copies

The Pelican Sundial was designed by Charles Turnball and is sometimes called the Turnball Sundial after him. Turnball lived in Corpus for 8 years, reaching the degree of MA.^[43] He went on to publish the book A Perfect and Easie Treatise of the Use of the Coelestial Globe in 1585, but it is otherwise unknown what he went on to do.^[43]

The Pelican Sundial was not the first sundial at Corpus. Before it was erected, one had been designed for the college by Nicholas Kratzer, an astrologer and horologer for Henry VIII.^[44] Like Juan Luis Vives, he was probably one of Cardinal Wolsey's lecturers who resided at Corpus while waiting for the completion of Cardinal College.^[45] Kratzer designed many dials, however only three can definitely be attributed to him: fixed ones for the University Church of St Mary the Virgin and Corpus and a portable one for Cardinal Wolsey. Only Wolsey's survives;^[a][47] Kratzer's Corpus dial stood in the garden until around 1706, when the gardens were remodelled for the construction of the Fellows' Building.^[48]

The dial has required regular maintenance throughout existence. The markings were replaced were many times over the centuries and, despite restorations overseen by a professor of natural sciences^[49] and a historian of science Robert Gunther,^[50] more and more errors crept into the pillar's tables. The dial also developed a lean. This was fixed in 1967 after it was discovered that the dial had no solid foundation and that base was made of stone panels loosely packed with rubble.^[51] In 1976, the sundial was restored (and its tables corrected) to its state c. 1710 by Philip Pattenden. Since the 1710 tables were designed for the Julian calendar, they have no modern use.^[52] The sundial was most recently restored in 2016.^[53]

Two copies of the Pelican Sundial exist in America. The first, the Mather Sundial in Princeton University, was commissioned by William Mather as a goodwill gesture between the United Kingdom to the United States.^[54] The second is on the front lawn of Pomfret School in Connecticut and was donated in 1912 by the father of a graduating student.^[55]

Coat of arms and other symbols

The coat of arms is quite complex, since it incorporates (from left to right) a symbol chosen by the founder, the arms of the See of Winchester, and the arms of Hugh Oldham.

In heraldic terminology: Tierced per pale: (1) Azure, a pelican with wings endorsed vulning herself, or; (2) argent, thereon an escutcheon charged with the arms of the See of Winchester (i.e. gules, two keys addorsed in bend, the uppermost or, the other argent, a sword interposed between them in bend sinister of the third, pommel and hilt gold; the escutcheon ensigned with a mitre of the last); (3) sable, a chevron or between three owls argent, on a chief of the second as many roses gules, seeded of the second, barbed vert.^[56]

The pelican is a reference to the college's name: corpus Christi means "the body of Christ", and the pelican was said to have offered its own blood to its children, just as Christ offers his body to his followers in the Eucharist. Because of the complexity of the arms they are not suitable for use on items such as the college crested tie, where the pelican is used instead. The pelican also appears alone on the college flag and on top of the Pelican Sundial.

The college has several "totem animals" besides the pelican: the fox, which recalls the founder's surname, and bees, which are a reference to the founder's stated desire to create an institution that would be a "hive of [scholarly] activity". The college maintains a hive of bees, and the glass front wall of the MBI Al Jaber auditorium is decorated with images of bees.

Traditions

The grace laid out in the founding statutes is still said before every formal dinner in hall:

Nos miseri et egentes homines pro hoc cibo, quem in alimonium corporis nostri sanctificatum es largitus, ut eo recte utamur, Tibi, Deus omnipotens, Pater caelestis, reverenter gratias agimus; simul obsecrantes, ut cibum angelorum, panem verum caelestem, Dei Verbum aeternum, Iesum Christum Dominum nostrum, nobis impertiaris, ut Eo mens nostra pascatur, et per carnem et sanguinem Eius alamur, foveamur, corroboremur.^[57]

which translates to

We wretched and needy mortals give reverent thanks to you, almighty God, heavenly Father, for this food, which you have given us to nourish our bodies, praying at the same time that you may bestow on us the food of angels, the true heavenly bread, the eternal Word of God, Jesus
Christ Our Lord, that our souls may feed on him, and that through his flesh and blood we may be nourished, cherished and strengthened.^[57]

There is also a shorter grace said after dinner, which is now only used on special occasions.

The college traditionally keeps at least one tortoise as a living mascot, cared for by an elected 'Tortoise Keeper'. The 'Tortoise Fair', at which the Corpus tortoise(s) are raced against tortoises belonging to other colleges and local residents, is an annual event held to raise funds for charity. The current tortoise is named 'Foxe', after the founder of the college.^[58]

Notable former students and fellows

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  Reginald Pole
  

  
  

  
  


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  James Oglethorpe
  

  
  

  
  


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  William Buckland
  

  
  

  
  


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  Isaiah Berlin
  

  
  

  
  


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  John Keble
  

  
  

  
  


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  Thomas Nagel
  

  
  

  
  


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  David Miliband
  

  
  

  
  


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  Ed Miliband
  

  
  

  
  

Former students of the college include the philosopher Isaiah Berlin, the writer Vikram Seth, the financial commentator Martin Wolf, former Leader of the Labour Party Ed Miliband, and former Foreign Secretary David Miliband.

Presidents of Corpus Christi

Dr Helen Moore, Associate Professor and Tutor in English, was elected President on 19 October 2018 for a term of two years. Her research focuses on mediaeval and early modern literature; most recently she has researched the reception of foreign texts in English. She has been a fellow at Corpus since 1996.^[2][59]

Gallery

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  Entrance to the college
  

  
  

  
  


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  Under the entrance Archway
  

  
  

  
  


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  Hall
  

  
  

  
  

Notes

References

Sources

• 
  Charles-Edwards, Thomas; Reid, Julian (July 2017). Corpus Christi College, Oxford: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-879247-5.
  


• 
  Fowler, Thomas (1898). Corpus Christi. Oxford University College Histories. Bloomsbury, London: F. E. Robinson & Co.
  


• 
  Pattenden, Philip (1979). Sundials at an Oxford College. Roman Books. ISBN 0-9506644-0-5.
  


• 
  Pattenden, Philip (June 1983). "Pelican Sundials in America". Bulletin of the National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors, Inc. XXV (3). ISSN 0027-8688.
  


• 
  Sherwood, Jennifer; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1974). Oxfordshire. The Buildings of England. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09639-9.
  


• 
  Tyack, Geoffrey (19 March 1998). Oxford: An Architectural Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-817423-3.
  

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corpus Christi College, Oxford.

• Corpus Christi College website


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  Corpus Christi College JCR – JCR page


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  Corpus Christi College MCR– MCR page


• Virtual Tour of Corpus Christi College


• College Choir


• College Boat Club