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The small golden disk close to the 5 cm marker is a piece of pure gold weighing one troy grain. Shown for comparison is a tape measure and coins of major world currencies.

A grain is a unit of measurement of mass, and in the troy weight, avoirdupois, and Apothecaries' system, equal to exactly 7001647989100000000♠64.79891 milligrams. It is nominally based upon the mass of a single virtual ideal seed of a cereal. From the Bronze Age into the Renaissance the average masses of wheat and barley grains were part of the legal definitions of units of mass. Rather, expressions such as "thirty-two grains of wheat, taken from the middle of the ear" appear to have been ritualistic formulas, essentially the premodern equivalent of legal boilerplate.^[1]:27[2] Another source states that it was defined as the weight needed for 252.458 units to balance a cubic inch of distilled water at 30 inches of mercury pressure and 62 degrees Fahrenheit for both the air and water.^[3] Another book states that Captain Henry Kater, of the British Standards Commission, arrived at this value experimentally.^[4]

The grain was the legal foundation of traditional English weight systems,^[5] and is the only unit that is equal throughout the troy, avoirdupois, and apothecaries' systems of mass.^[6]:C-6 The unit was based on the weight of a single grain of barley, considered equivalent to ​1 ¹⁄₃ grains of wheat.^[5][7]:95 The fundamental unit of the pre-1527 English weight system known as Tower weights, was a different sort of grain known as the "wheat grain".^[8] The Tower wheat grain was defined as exactly ​⁴⁵⁄₆₄ of a troy grain.^[1]:74

Since the implementation of the international yard and pound agreement of 1 July 1959, the grain or troy grain (symbol: gr) measure has been defined in terms of units of mass in the International System of Units as precisely 7001647989100000000♠64.79891 milligrams.^[6]:C-19[9]7000100000000000000♠1 gram is approximately 7001154323600000000♠15.43236 grains.^[6]:C-13 The unit formerly used by jewellers to measure pearls, diamonds, or other precious stones, called the jeweller's grain or pearl grain, is equal to ​¹⁄₄ of a carat, or 6995499999999999999♠50 mg (~ 6995499988389559999♠0.7716 gr).^[5] The grain was also the name of a traditional French unit equal to 6995531150000000000♠53.115 mg.^[5]

In both British Imperial and U.S. customary units, there are precisely 7,000 grains per avoirdupois pound, and 5,760 grains per troy pound or apothecaries pound.^{[6]:C-6–C-7}

Current usage

A box of .38 Special cartridges that have 148-grain bullets

The grain is commonly used to measure the mass of bullets and propellants.^[10][11] The term also refers to a single particle of gunpowder, the size of which varies according to requirements.^[12] In archery, the grain is the standard unit used to weigh arrows.^[13]

In dentistry, gold foil, used as a material to restore teeth,^[14] is measured in grains.^[15][16]

In North America, the hardness of water is often measured in grains per US gallon (gpg) of calcium carbonate equivalents.^[17][18] Otherwise, water hardness is measured in the metric unit parts per million (ppm), equivalent to mg/L.^[17][18] One grain per US gallon is approximately 6995171000000000000♠17.1 ppm.^[17][note] Soft water contains 1–4 gpg of calcium carbonate equivalents, while hard water contains 11–20 gpg.^[18]

The 5-grain aspirin. The usage guidance label on a bottle of aspirin indicates that the dosage is "325 mg (5 gr)".

Though no longer recommended, grains are still used occasionally in medicine as part of the apothecaries' system, especially in prescriptions for older medicines such as aspirin or phenobarbital.^[19][20] For example, the dosage of a standard 6996325000000000000♠325 mg tablet of aspirin is sometimes given as 7000500000000000000♠5 grains.^[19][21] In that example the grain is approximated to 6995650000000000000♠65 mg, though the grain can also be approximated to 6995600000000000000♠60 mg, depending on the medication and manufacturer.^[19][22] The apothecaries system has its own system of notation, in which the unit's symbol or abbreviation is followed by the quantity in lower case Roman numerals.^[20][22][23] For amounts less than one, the quantity is written as a fraction, or for one half, ss (or variations such as ss., ṡṡ, or s̅s̅).^{[20][22][23][24]:263} Therefore, a prescription for tablets containing 325 mg of aspirin and 30 mg of codeine can be written "ASA gr. v c̄ cod. gr. ss tablets" (using the medical abbreviations ASA for aspirin,^{[24]:34[25]:8} c̄ for "with",^{[24]:56[25]:14} and cod. for codeine).^{[24]:70[25]:19} The apothecaries' system has gradually been replaced by the metric system, and the use of the grain in prescriptions is now rare.^[22]

Particulate emission levels, used to monitor and regulate pollution, are commonly measured in grains per cubic foot.^[26][27] This is the same unit commonly used to measure the amount of moisture in the air, also known as the absolute humidity.^[28] The SI unit used to measure particulate emissions and absolute humidity is mg/m³.^[26][28] One grain per cubic foot is approximately 7003228800000000000♠2288 mg/m³.^[note]

History

At least since antiquity, grains of wheat or barley were used by Mediterranean traders to define units of mass; along with other seeds, especially those of the carob tree. According to a longstanding tradition, 1 carat (the mass of a carob seed) was equivalent to the weight of 4 wheat grains or 3 barleycorns.^[7]:95 Since the weights of these seeds are highly variable, especially that of the cereals as a function of moisture, this is a convention more than an absolute law.^[29]:120–1

The history of the modern British grain can be traced back to a royal decree in thirteenth century England, re-iterating decrees that go back as far as King Offa (eighth century).^[30] The tower pound was one of many monetary pounds of 240 silver pennies.

By consent of the whole Realm the King's Measure was made, so that an English Penny, which is called the Sterling, round without clipping, shall weigh Thirty-two Grains of Wheat dry in the midst of the Ear; Twenty pennies make an Ounce; and Twelve Ounces make a Pound.

— Tractatus de Ponderibus et Mensuris, ^[29]:119

The pound in question is the Tower pound. The Tower pound, abolished in 1527, consisted of 12 ounces like the troy pound, but was ​¹⁄₁₆ (~6%) lighter. The weight of the original sterling pennies was 22½ troy grains, or 32 "Tower grains".^[29]:116

Physical grain weights were made and sold commercially at least as late as the early 1900s, and took various forms, from squares of sheet metal to manufactured wire shapes and coin-like weights.^[31]

The troy pound was only "the pound of Pence, Spices, Confections, as of Electuaries", as such goods might be measured by a troi or small balance. The old troy standard was set by King Offa's currency reform, was in full use in 1284 (Assize of Weights and Measures, King Edward I), but was restricted to currency (the pound of pennies) until it was abolished in 1527. This pound was progressively replaced by a new pound, based on the weight of 120 gold dirhems of 48 grains. The new pound used a barley-corn grain, rather than the wheat grain.^[32]

Avoirdupois (goods of weight) refers to those things measured by the lesser but quicker balances: the bismar or uncel, the Roman balance, and the steelyard. The original mercantile pound of 25 shillings or 15 (tower) ounces was displaced by variously the pound of the Hanseatic League (16 tower ounces) and by the pound of the then-important wool trade (16 ounces of 437 grains). A new pound of 7003768000000000000♠7680 grains was inadvertently created as 16 troy ounces, referring to the new troy rather than the old troy. Eventually, the wool pound won out.^[32]

The avoirdupois pound was defined in prototype, rated as 7003699200000000000♠6992 to 7003700400000000000♠7004 grains. In the Imperial Weights and Measures Act of 1824, the avoirdupois pound was defined as 7003700000000000000♠7000 grains exactly. The act of 1855 authorised Miller's new standards to replace those lost in the fire that destroyed the Houses of Parliament. The standard was an avoirdupois pound, the grain being defined as 1/7003700000000000000♠7000 of it.

The division of the carat into four grains survives in both senses well into the early twentieth century. For pearls and diamonds, weight is quoted in carats, divided into four grains. The carat was eventually set to 205 milligrams (1877), and later 200 milligrams. For touch or fineness of gold, the fraction of gold was given as a weight, the total being a solidus of 24 carats or 96 grains.^[33]

See also

• English unit


• Imperial unit


• United States customary units


• Troy weight

Notes

1.^ The exact value of one grain per US gallon is 7001647989100000000♠64.79891/7000378541178400000♠3.785411784 mg/L (ppm).^{[6]:C-12,C-14}

2.^ The exact value of one grain per cubic foot is 7001647989100000000♠64.79891/6998283168465920000♠0.028316846592 mg/m³.^{[6]:C-10,C-14}

References