1860 United States Census








1860 US Census from the state of New York


The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1, 1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, an increase of 35.4 percent over the 23,191,875 persons enumerated during the 1850 Census. The total population included 3,953,761 slaves.


By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, the nation was sinking into the American Civil War. As a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a cartographic display, including preparing maps of Southern states, for Union field commanders. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including white population, slave population, predominant agricultural products (by county), and rail and post road transportation routes.




Contents






  • 1 Census questions


  • 2 Data availability


  • 3 Common occupations


  • 4 State rankings


  • 5 City rankings


  • 6 See also


  • 7 Notes


  • 8 External links





Census questions


The 1860 census Schedule 1 (Free Inhabitants) was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States; the other was Schedule 2 (Slave Inhabitants). Schedule 1 collected the following information:[1]















































































Column
Title
Notes
1 Dwelling-houses—numbered in the order of visitation.
2 Families numbered in the order of visitation
3 The name of every person whose usual place of abode on the first date of June 1860, was in this family.
4 Description: Age.
5 Description: Sex. M or F
6 Description: Color, (White, black, or mulatto). W, B or M
7 Profession, Occupation, or Trade of each person, male and female, over 15 years of age.
8 Value of Estate Owned: Value of Real Estate.
9 Value of Estate Owned: Value of Personal Estate.
10 Place of Birth, Naming the State, Territory, or Country.
11 Married within the year. Marked with '/'
12 Attended School within the year. Marked with '/'
13 Persons over 20 years of age who can not read and write. Marked with '/'
14 Whether deaf and dumb, blind, insane, idiotic, pauper, or convict.


Data availability


Full documentation for the 1860 population census, including microdata, census forms and enumerator instructions, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS). Aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.



Common occupations


National data reveals that farmers (owners and tenants) made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations. Farm laborers (wage workers) represent the next highest percent with 3.2%, followed by general laborers at 3.0%.[2]


More localized data shows that other occupations were common. In the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making.[3] This heavy demand of shoe-related labor reinforces the high demand for rigorous physical laborers in the economy, as supported by the data of very large amounts of farm related work as compared to most other labor options.


IPUMS' data also notes that the share of the population that had been enrolled in school or marked as "Student" stood at 0.2%. This demonstrates a small rate of growth, if any, in the proficiency of the human capital of the time—the skill set a worker has to apply to the labor force, which can increase total output through increased efficiency.


The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property. Analogous to today where wealth can fluctuate with value changes in stocks, factories, and other forms of property, the South suffered a huge loss of total wealth and assets when the American Civil War ended and slaves were no longer counted as physical property.



State rankings































































































































































































































Rank State Population
01 New York 3,880,735
02 Pennsylvania 2,906,215
03 Ohio 2,339,511
04 Illinois 1,711,951
05 Indiana 1,350,428
06 Massachusetts 1,231,066
07 Virginia 1,219,630
08 Missouri 1,182,012
09 Kentucky 1,155,684
10 Tennessee 1,109,801
11 Georgia 1,057,286
12 North Carolina 992,622
13 Alabama 964,201
14 Mississippi 791,305
15 Wisconsin 775,881
16 Michigan 749,113
17 Louisiana 708,002
18 South Carolina 703,708
19 Maryland 687,049
20 Iowa 674,913
21 New Jersey 672,035
22 Maine 628,279
23 Texas 604,215
24 Connecticut 460,147
25 Arkansas 435,450
26 California 379,994
X West Virginia [4]
 376,688
27 New Hampshire 326,073
28 Vermont 315,098
29 Rhode Island 174,620
30 Minnesota 172,023
31 Florida 140,424
32 Delaware 112,216
X Kansas 107,206
X New Mexico 87,034
X District of Columbia [5]
 75,080
33 Oregon 52,465
X Utah 40,273
X Colorado 34,277
X Nebraska 28,841
X Washington 11,594
X Nevada 6,857
X South Dakota [6]
 4,837


City rankings






































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Rank City State Population[7]
Region (2016)[8]
01 New York New York 813,669
Northeast
02 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 565,529
Northeast
03 Brooklyn New York 266,661
Northeast
04 Baltimore Maryland 212,418
South
05 Boston Massachusetts 177,840
Northeast
06 New Orleans Louisiana 168,675
South
07 Cincinnati Ohio 161,044
Midwest
08 St. Louis Missouri 160,773
Midwest
09 Chicago Illinois 112,172
Midwest
10 Buffalo New York 81,129
Northeast
11 Newark New Jersey 71,941
Northeast
12 Louisville Kentucky 68,033
South
13 Albany New York 62,367
Northeast
14 Washington District of Columbia 61,122
South
15 San Francisco California 56,802
West
16 Providence Rhode Island 50,666
Northeast
17 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 49,221
Northeast
18 Rochester New York 48,204
Northeast
19 Detroit Michigan 45,619
Midwest
20 Milwaukee Wisconsin 45,246
Midwest
21 Cleveland Ohio 43,417
Midwest
22 Charleston South Carolina 40,522
South
23 New Haven Connecticut 39,267
Northeast
24 Troy New York 39,235
Northeast
25 Richmond Virginia 37,910
South
26 Lowell Massachusetts 36,827
Northeast
27 Mobile Alabama 29,258
South
28 Jersey City New Jersey 29,226
Northeast
29 Allegheny Pennsylvania 28,702
Northeast
30 Syracuse New York 28,119
Northeast
31 Hartford Connecticut 26,917
Northeast
32 Portland Maine 26,341
Northeast
33 Cambridge Massachusetts 26,060
Northeast
34 Roxbury Massachusetts 25,137
Northeast
35 Charlestown Massachusetts 25,065
Northeast
36 Worcester Massachusetts 24,960
Northeast
37 Reading Pennsylvania 23,162
Northeast
38 Memphis Tennessee 22,623
South
39 Utica New York 22,529
Northeast
40 New Bedford Massachusetts 22,300
Northeast
41 Savannah Georgia 22,292
South
42 Salem Massachusetts 22,252
Northeast
43 Wilmington Delaware 21,258
South
44 Manchester New Hampshire 20,107
Northeast
45 Dayton Ohio 20,081
Midwest
46 Paterson New Jersey 19,586
Northeast
47 Lynn Massachusetts 19,083
Northeast
48 Indianapolis Indiana 18,611
Midwest
49 Columbus Ohio 18,554
Midwest
50 Petersburg Virginia 18,266
South
51 Lawrence Massachusetts 17,639
Northeast
52 Lancaster Pennsylvania 17,603
Northeast
53 Trenton New Jersey 17,228
Northeast
54 Nashville Tennessee 16,988
South
55 Oswego New York 16,816
Northeast
56 Covington Kentucky 16,471
South
57 Bangor Maine 16,407
Northeast
58 Taunton Massachusetts 15,376
Northeast
59 Springfield Massachusetts 15,199
Northeast
60 Poughkeepsie New York 14,726
Northeast
61 Norfolk Virginia 14,620
South
62 Camden New Jersey 14,358
Northeast
63 Wheeling Virginia 14,083
South
64 Norwich Connecticut 14,048
Northeast
65 Peoria Illinois 14,045
Midwest
66 Fall River Massachusetts 14,026
Northeast
67 Sacramento California 13,785
West
68 Toledo Ohio 13,768
Midwest
69 Quincy Illinois 13,718
Midwest
70 Harrisburg Pennsylvania 13,405
Northeast
71 Newburyport Massachusetts 13,401
Northeast
72 Chelsea Massachusetts 13,395
Northeast
73 Dubuque Iowa 13,000
Midwest
74 Alexandria Virginia 12,652
South
75 New Albany Indiana 12,647
Midwest
76 Newburgh New York 12,578
Northeast
77 Augusta Georgia 12,493
South
78 Bridgeport Connecticut 12,106
Northeast
79 North Providence Rhode Island 11,818
Northeast
80 Elizabeth New Jersey 11,567
Northeast
81 Evansville Indiana 11,484
Midwest
82 Davenport Iowa 11,267
Midwest
83 New Brunswick New Jersey 11,256
Northeast
84 Auburn New York 10,986
Northeast
85 Gloucester Massachusetts 10,904
Northeast
86 Concord New Hampshire 10,896
Northeast
87 Lockport New York 10,871
Northeast
88 Newport Rhode Island 10,508
Northeast
89 Saint Paul Minnesota 10,401
Midwest
90 New London Connecticut 10,115
Northeast
91 Nashua New Hampshire 10,065
Northeast
92 Newport Kentucky 10,046
South
93 Waterbury Connecticut 10,004
Northeast
94 Haverhill Massachusetts 9,995
Northeast
95 Dorchester Massachusetts 9,769
Northeast
96 Hoboken New Jersey 9,662
Northeast
97 Columbus Georgia 9,621
South
98 Schenectady New York 9,579
Northeast
99 Atlanta Georgia 9,554
South
100 Wilmington North Carolina 9,552
South


See also



  • American Civil War

  • Cotton Gin

  • Human Capital

  • Joseph C. G. Kennedy



Notes





  1. ^ "1860 Census Questionnaire" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Retrieved March 28, 2013..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "IPUMS 1860 Census Data". IPUMS Data Collection. Retrieved March 1, 2011.


  3. ^ Wilhelm, Kurt. "Essex, MA Census 1860". 1860 Federal Census. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2011.


  4. ^ Between 1790 and 1860, the state of West Virginia was part of Virginia; the data for each states reflect the present-day boundaries.


  5. ^ The District of Columbia is not a state but was created with the passage of the Residence Act of 1790.


  6. ^ Figures recorded for Dakota Territory by the censuses of 1860, 1870, and 1880 are listed here as belonging to South Dakota..


  7. ^ Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, U.S. Census Bureau, 1998


  8. ^ "Regions and Divisions". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 3, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016.




External links







  • 1860 Census of Population and Housing

  • Population of the United States in 1860; compiled from the original returns of the eighth census under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior by Joseph C.G. Kennedy

  • U.S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850-1880

  • Adam Goodheart: "The Census of Doom", NY Times









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