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Twickenham Stadium

Billy Williams' Cabbage Patch[1] The Cabbage Patch Twickers Headquarters HQ
Aerial view of Twickenham Stadium in 2009
Location	Whitton Rd, Twickenham TW2 7BA[2]
Coordinates	51°27′22″N 0°20′30″W / 51.45611°N 0.34167°W / 51.45611; -0.34167Coordinates: 51°27′22″N 0°20′30″W / 51.45611°N 0.34167°W / 51.45611; -0.34167
Public transit	Twickenham
Owner	Rugby Football Union
Executive suites	150
Capacity	82,000 (rugby)[3] 75,000 (American football)
Field size	125 m x 70 m
Surface	Desso GrassMaster
Construction
Built	1907
Opened	2 October 1909; 109 years ago (1909-10-02)
Architect	John Bradley
Tenants
England national rugby union team

Twickenham Stadium (/ˈtwɪkənəm/; usually known as Twickenham or Twickers)^[4] is a rugby union stadium in Twickenham, south west London, England. Owned by the governing body of rugby union in England, the Rugby Football Union (the RFU), the stadium hosts home test matches for the England national rugby union team. Other rugby union games played at the stadium include the Middlesex Sevens, selected Premiership Rugby fixtures, selected Anglo-Welsh Cup matches, the Varsity Match between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and selected European Rugby Champions Cup matches. The RFU headquarters are in the stadium.

Twickenham Stadium has also hosted concerts by Rihanna, Iron Maiden, Bryan Adams, Bon Jovi, Genesis, U2, Beyoncé, The Rolling Stones, The Police, Eagles, R.E.M., Eminem, and Lady Gaga, rugby league's Challenge Cup Finals, and conventions of Jehovah's Witnesses, and it has hosted American football as part of the NFL London Games in 2016 and 2017.

Twickenham Stadium is the second largest stadium in the U.K., following Wembley Stadium, the fourth largest stadium in Europe, and the largest stadium in the world dedicated to the sport of rugby union.

Overview

Twickenham is often referred to as the home of rugby union.^[5] The stadium, owned and operated by the RFU, hosts rugby union fixtures year round. It is the home of the English rugby union team, who play nearly all their home games at the stadium. Twickenham hosts England's home Six Nations matches, as well as inbound touring teams from the Southern Hemisphere, usually annually around November.

Apart from its relationship with the national team, Twickenham is the venue for a number of other domestic and international rugby union matches. It hosts the annual London leg of the World Rugby Sevens Series, the Cup (championship) final and third-place match of the annual London leg of the World Rugby Women's Sevens Series, and the domestic Middlesex Sevens competition. It is also the venue for the Premiership Rugby final as well as the season-opening London Double Header, Big Game and an annual fixture hosted by Bath Rugby. Anglo-Welsh Cup, Heineken Cup and Champions Cup finals have also been held here in the past. The stadium is also host to The Varsity Match between Oxford and Cambridge, the English schools' Daily Mail Cup Final and the Army Navy Match which forms the culmination of the annual Inter-Services Competition.

History

Sold out Tests against New Zealand and South Africa at Crystal Palace saw the RFU realise the benefit of owning their own ground. Committee member William Williams and treasurer William Cail^[6] led the way to purchasing a 10.25 acre (4 hectare) market garden in Twickenham in 1907 for £5,500 12s 6d. The first stands were constructed the following year. Before the ground was purchased, it was used to grow cabbages, and so Twickenham Stadium is affectionately known as the Cabbage Patch. After further expenditure on roads, the first game, between Harlequins v. Richmond, was played on 2 October 1909, and the first international, England v. Wales, on 15 January 1910. At the time of the English-Welsh game, the stadium had a maximum capacity of 20,000 spectators. During World War I the ground was used for cattle, horse and sheep grazing. King George V unveiled a war memorial in 1921.

In 1926, the first Middlesex Sevens took place at the ground. In 1927 the first Varsity Match took place at Twickenham for the first time. On 19 March 1938, BBC Television broadcast the England – Scotland (Calcutta Cup) match from Twickenham, the first time that a rugby match was shown live on television.^[7] In 1959, to mark 50 years of the ground, a combined side of England and Wales beat Ireland and Scotland by 26 points to 17.

Coming into the last match of the 1988 season, against the Irish, England had lost 15 of their previous 23 matches in the Five Nations Championship. The Twickenham crowd had only seen one solitary England try in the previous two years, and at half-time against Ireland they were 0–3 down. During the second half a remarkable transformation took place and England started playing an expansive game many had doubted they were capable of producing. A 0–3 deficit was turned into a 35–3 win, with England scoring six tries. This day also saw the origins of the adoption of the traditional spiritual "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" as a terrace song. In the 35–3 win against Ireland, three of England's tries were scored by Chris Oti, a black player who had made a reputation for himself that season as a speedster on the left wing. A group of boys from the Benedictine school Douai, following a tradition at their school games, sang "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" whenever a try was scored. When Oti scored his second try, amused spectators standing close to the boys joined in, and when Oti scored his hat-trick the song was heard around the ground.^[8][9] Since then "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" has been a song to sing at England home games,^[10] in the same way that Fields of Athenry is sung in Dublin and Cwm Rhondda is sung in Cardiff.

The United Kingdom, Ireland and France shared the hosting of the 1991 Rugby World Cup. Twickenham was used during pool A England matches. Twickenham was also host of the 1991 Rugby World Cup Final in which Australia beat England 12-6. For this game, England changed their style of play, opting for the sort of running game that had brought them victory against Ireland in the March 1988 game referred to above. During this match, with the English facing a 12-3 deficit, David Campese reached one-handed for a ball thrown to England winger, Rory Underwood. He dropped it and the ball rolled forward, gifting England a penalty that proved to be the last score of the game. Some have claimed that Campese's action should have been interpreted as a deliberate professional foul, with possible disciplinary action against the Australian player. However, on the same ground in November 1988, Campese had intercepted a similar pass and run the length of the field to score a try.^[11]

Some of the Welsh-hosted 1999 Rugby World Cup games were taken to Twickenham. These included three of England's pool B matches, the second round playoff when England defeated Fiji 45 points to 24, and both semi-finals, none of which England were involved in, having made their exit in the quarter-finals at the hands of South Africa. Under the reign of Clive Woodward, the stadium became known as 'Fortress Twickenham', as England enjoyed a run of 19 unbeaten home matches from October 1999, ending with defeat against Ireland in 2004. The IRB Rugby Aid Match was played on 5 March 2005 under the auspices of the International Rugby Board (IRB) to raise money for the United Nations World Food Programme to support its work aiding victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Representative sides of the Northern and Southern hemispheres played at Twickenham. The final score was Northern Hemisphere 19 – Southern Hemisphere 54.

Redevelopment

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Since the ground was bought by the RFU in 1907, it has gone through a number of redevelopments. In 1921 a stand was built above the northern terrace, with workshops placed underneath. In 1927, there was an extension to the East Stand, bringing the capacity to 12,000. The south terrace was also extended to allow 20,000 spectators. In 1932 a new West Stand was completed, providing offices for the RFU, who made the ground their home. In 1937, Middlesex County Council approved a scheme submitted by Twickenham Borough Council to widen Rugby Road due to it being inadequate for traffic.

In 1965, the South Terrace was closed due to structural failings. It was found to be cheaper to build a new stand as opposed to repairing the existing one; however, planning permission was refused, due to objection from local residents. Permission was granted in 1978. A period of extensive rebuilding took place during the early 1980s which continued through to the mid-1990s. In 1981 the South Terrace was rebuilt as the South Stand. After being taken down in 1989, an extended North Stand was opened in 1990. After the 1992 Five Nations, the stadium saw the development of the new East Stand and following that the West Stand. In 1995, the stadium was completed to accommodate 75,000 people in an all-seater environment. The North, East and West stands were all built by Mowlem.^[12]

Planning permission was sought in 2002 and received in December 2004 for a new South Stand to raise capacity to 82,000, together with a hotel and conference centre, with redevelopment commencing in June 2005. The RFU's revised application to build the new south stand at £80 million was unanimously approved by Richmond Council's planning committee on 2 December. As well as increasing the stadium's capacity to 82,000, the redevelopment introduced a four-star Marriott hotel with 156 rooms and six VIP suites with views over the field, a performing arts complex, a health and leisure club, open a new rugby shop and also increase the current function space. On Sunday 10 July 2005 the south stand was demolished to make way for the new development. The festivities that were planned for the implosion of this end of the stadium were cancelled in the wake of the 7 July terror attacks in the centre of London. The new seating, which had been started by Mowlem, was completed by Carillion on 5 November 2006 in time for the England vs New Zealand game of the 2006 Autumn internationals series, in which England lost in a near-record defeat.^[12]

Rugby World Cup

Twickenham Stadium has hosted Rugby World Cup Matches in 1991, 1999 and 2015 with England as hosts in 1991 and 2015 therefore holding the Final. The Stadium also hosted semi finals in 1999 including France's 43–31 victory over favourites New Zealand, regarded by many as the best Rugby match of all time.

1991 Rugby World Cup

Stage of Tournament	Team 1	Score	Team 2
Pool A	England	12–18	New Zealand
Pool A	England	36–6	Italy
Pool A	England	37–9	United States of America
Final	England	6–12	Australia

1999 Rugby World Cup

Stage of Tournament	Team 1	Score	Team 2
Pool B	England	67–7	Italy
Pool B	England	16–30	New Zealand
Pool B	England	101–10	Tonga
Quarter Final Play Off	England	45–24	Fiji
Semi Final	Australia	27–21	South Africa
Semi Final	France	43–31	New Zealand

2015 Rugby World Cup

Stage of Tournament	Team 1	Score	Team 2
Pool A	England	35–11	Fiji
Pool A	England	25–28	Wales
Pool A	England	13–33	Australia
Pool A	Australia	15–6	Wales
Pool D	France	32–10	Italy
Quarter Final	South Africa	23–19	Wales
Quarter Final	Australia	35–34	Scotland
Semi Final	South Africa	18–20	New Zealand
Semi Final	Argentina	15–29	Australia
Final	New Zealand	34–17	Australia

Other uses

Though Twickenham usually only hosts rugby union fixtures, it has in the past been the venue for a number of other events. In 2000, the ground hosted its first game of rugby league, in which Australia defeated England in the opening game of the 2000 Rugby League World Cup. The Rugby League Challenge Cup Final has also been played at Twickenham twice, in 2001 and 2006, and was won by St. Helens on both occasions. Due to the construction delays of Wembley, a number of scheduled events at Wembley were moved to Twickenham. The Challenge Cup and the Rolling Stones' A Bigger Bang Tour concerts were taken to Twickenham.^[13] The Stones also played two shows at Twickenham in August and September 2003, the first of which was used as their stadium concert disc for the 2003 DVD Four Flicks. During 2007 Genesis played at Twickenham during their reunion tour. The Police played at the stadium in September 2007 and Rod Stewart in June. The usual capacity for concerts is anything up to 80,000, as opposed to the 82,000 for rugby.^[14]

R.E.M. performed at Twickenham in August 2008, while New Jersey rockers Bon Jovi played two gigs at the stadium in June 2008 as part of their Lost Highway Tour, and Iron Maiden played there as part of their Somewhere Back in Time World Tour on 5 July 2008, along with a full supporting bill which included Avenged Sevenfold, Within Temptation and Lauren Harris.

Since the mid-1950s it has also hosted the Jehovah's Witnesses annual convention for the London area. Usually up to 25,000 attend to hear Bible talks.

The TV motoring show Top Gear used the pitch for a match of rugby, played using Kia cars.^[15]

Lady Gaga performed two sold out shows at the stadium during her Born This Way Ball Tour on the 8th and 9 September 2012 with 101,250 people attending for both shows. The first date broke a record for The Fastest Selling-out Stadium Show in UK history when the 50,625 tickets for the first show sold out in 50 seconds.

Rihanna performed two shows at the stadium during her Diamonds World Tour on 15 and 16 June 2013 for 95,971 people for both nights.

Concerts

Date	Performer(s)	Opening act(s)	Tour/Event	Attendance	Notes
24 Aug 2003	The Rolling Stones		Licks Tour
20 Sept 2003
18 June 2005	U2	Doves, Idlewild, Athlete, Ash	Vertigo Tour	110,796
19 June 2005
17 June 2006	Eagles		Farewell 1 Tour
20 Aug 2006	The Rolling Stones	Feeder	A Bigger Bang	100,540
22 Aug 2006		The Charlatans
30 June 2007	Rod Stewart		Greatest Hits
8 July 2007	Genesis		Turn It On Again: The Tour
27 June 2008	Bon Jovi	Biffy Clyro	Lost Highway Tour	92,852
28 June 2008		The Feeling
5 July 2008	Iron Maiden	Avenged Sevenfold, Within Temptation, Lauren Harris	Somewhere Back in Time World Tour	55,000
30 Aug 2008	R.E.M.		Accelerate Tour
8 Sept 2007	The Police	Maximo Park, Fiction Plane	The Police Reunion Tour	104,417
9 Sept 2007
12 Sept 2010	Various Artists	Robbie Williams, Alexandra Burke, Bruce Forsyth, Enrique Iglesias, Jack Dee, James Blunt, Jason Manford, John Bishop, Katherine Jenkins, Kevin Bridges, Michael McIntyre, Peter Kay, Pixie Lott, Plan B, Rhod Gilbert, Roger Daltrey, Spelbound, The Saturdays, The Wanted & Tom Jones	Help For Heroes Concert
8 Sept 2012	Lady Gaga	The Darkness, Lady Starlight	Born This Way Ball	101,250
9 Sept 2012
1 June 2013	Various Artists	Beyoncé, Ellie Goulding, Laura Pausini, Jennifer Lopez, Jessie J, John Legend & Timbaland, among others	Sound for Change Live	45,060
15 June 2013	Rihanna	David Guetta, GTA	Diamonds World Tour	95,971
16 June 2013
8 July 2017	U2	Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds	The Joshua Tree Tour 2017	108,894
9 July 2017
19 June 2018	The Rolling Stones	James Bay	No Filter Tour
14 July 2018	Eminem	2 Chainz, Royce 5'9" & Boogie	Revival Tour
15 July 2018		Prophets of Rage, Royce 5'9" & Boogie
20 June 2019	Metallica	Ghost Bokassa	WorldWired Tour

American football

On 3 November 2015 it was announced that the RFU and America's National Football League had agreed a three-year deal to host at least three NFL London Games. The deal began in October 2016 and gave the opportunity to host an additional two games over the three-year period of the deal.^[16]

On 23 October 2016 the Los Angeles Rams hosted the New York Giants at Twickenham Stadium. This was the second of three London Games in 2016, with the others being played at Wembley.^[17] The game was televised nationally live in the UK on BBC Two.

The final two games of the agreement were played in 2017, with matchups announced on 13 December, 2016.^[18]

List of NFL London Games at Twickenham Stadium
Year	Date	UK Broadcaster	Designated Home	Score	Designated Away	Score	Attendance	Pre-game show
2016	23 October	BBC [19]	Los Angeles Rams	10	New York Giants	17	74,121	Craig David
2017	22 October	Sky Sports	Los Angeles Rams	33	Arizona Cardinals	0	73,736[20]
	29 October	BBC	Cleveland Browns	16	Minnesota Vikings	33	74,237

World Rugby Museum

The World Rugby Union Museum is a museum located in Twickenham Stadium. The museum covers the whole of the global game, not just English rugby union. It tells the history of the sport, including William Webb Ellis and Richard Lindon, using interactive display techniques. The museum has a rolling programme of special exhibitions which cover topical issues and offer an opportunity to display some of the obscurer items in the collection. Some unique displays include an English rugby union jersey from the first ever rugby union international in 1871 between England and Scotland, and (until 2005) the William Webb Ellis Cup which was obtained by England at the 2003 Rugby World Cup. Twickenham Stadium Tours are also available through the Museum and run four times per day (Tuesday to Saturday) and twice on Sundays. It is usually open every day of the week except for Mondays. Except match days when for ticket holders only a special price entry to the museum is available.

See also

• Rugby union in England


• Sport in London


• Twickenham Streaker (disambiguation)

References

Further reading

• Harris, Ed, (2005). Twickenham: The History of the Cathedral of Rugby, Sports Books, (
  ISBN 1899807292 )


• Spragg, Iain, (2010). Twickenham – 100 Years of Rugby's HQ, Vision Sports Publishing, (
  ISBN 9781905326761 )

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twickenham Stadium.

• Official Twickenham site

Preceded by Eden Park Auckland	Rugby World Cup Final Venue 1991	Succeeded by Ellis Park Johannesburg
Preceded by Lansdowne Road Dublin	Heineken Cup Final Venue 1999–00	Succeeded by Parc des Princes Paris
Preceded by Lansdowne Road Dublin	Heineken Cup Final Venue 2003–04	Succeeded by Murrayfield Edinburgh
Preceded by Millennium Stadium Cardiff	Heineken Cup Final Venue 2006–07	Succeeded by Millennium Stadium Cardiff
Preceded by Millennium Stadium Cardiff	Heineken Cup Final Venue 2011–12	Succeeded by Aviva Stadium Dublin
Preceded by Millennium Stadium Cardiff	European Rugby Champions Cup Final Venue 2014–15	Succeeded by Parc Olympique Lyonnais Lyon
Preceded by Eden Park Auckland	Rugby World Cup Final Venue 2015	Succeeded by International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama