Help:IPA/Catalan

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Catalan on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Catalan in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here. Some keys are built on consensus more strongly than others; if a large number of transcriptions already use this key, any substantive change to it should be discussed on the talk page first as it would affect a large number of articles.

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Catalan language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-ca}}, {{IPA-va}}, and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Two Catalan varieties are covered here: Standard Catalan (C)—based in Central Catalonia, encompassing most Eastern Catalan features—and Standard Valencian (V)—based in Southern Valencia, encompassing most Western Catalan features. Standard Catalan is preferred on Wikipedia because it is the most prestigious and neutral variety. However, wherever clearly more relevant (for instance, in the case of a Valencian artist), Standard Valencian pronunciation should be transcribed instead.

See Catalan phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Catalan, and Catalan orthography for the correspondence between spelling and pronunciation.

IPA		Consonants
C	V	Examples	English approximation
b	b	bell, àmbit, capgròs^[1]	best
b	v	vell, envit^[1]^[2]	best (C), vest (V)
β	v	avanç, selva^[3]	a vest
β	b	abans, arbre^[3]	a vest (C), the best (V)
d		drac, indret, ritme^[1]	door
dz	dz	tretze, tots alhora^[1]	pads
dz	z	utilitza	pads (C), zebra (V)
dʒ		mitjà, migdia^[1]	jeep
ð		cada, lladre^[3]	other
f		força, bafs, salv	face
ɡ		guant, angle, guiar, ècdisi^[1]	get
ɣ		aigües, agrat, lloguer^[3]	roughly like get
k		cors, quan, qui, llarg, kiwi	scan
l		laca, cel·la,^[4]val^[5]	US look – dark l
ʎ		cella,^[4]Elx^[5]	billion
m		meu, canvi^[5]	mode
n		neu, dansa^[5]	need
ɲ		nyeu, penges^[5]	onion
ŋ		sang, cigne^[5]	ring
p		por, dubte	span
r		ruc, mirra, honra^[6]	Scots rook – trilled r
ɾ		mira, truc, per^[6]	US ladder
s		set, està	sack
ʃ	jʃ	caixa	fish (C), geisha (V)
	ʃ	Xixona, guix	fish
	tʃ	xec, Barx	fish (C), cheap (V)
t		terra, fred	stand
ts		potser, tots	cats
tʃ		txec, mig	cheap
v		hafni, bafs d'aigua^[1]	of
z		zel, esma^[1]	zebra
ʒ	dʒ	joc, gespa	rouge (C), jeep (V)
	j	jo	rouge (C), young (V)
	jʒ	caixmir, peix blanc^[1]	rouge (C), beige (V)
	ʒ	guix verd^[1]	rouge
IPA		Marginal consonants
h		Hawaii, ehem^[7]	ham
θ		Smith, Pozo	thing
x		kharja, Bach, Jaén	Scots loch

IPA		Semivowels^[8]
C	V	Examples	English approximation
j		iogurt, llei, posa-hi	young
w		quatre, Güell, lleu, posa-ho	quick

IPA		Vowels
C	V	Examples	English approximation
a		sac, ànecs	father
ɛ	ɛ	set, èxit	pet (C), pat (V)
ɛ	e	sec, què^[9]	pet (C), face (V)
e		séc, anells, ídem^[10]	face
ə		demà^[11]	alpha (C), face (V)
	a	fadrí, entens^[11]	alpha (C), father (V)
	i	naixement	alpha (C), meet (V)
i	i	sic, ties, fillet^[11]	meet
ɔ		soc, això	off
o	o	sóc, molt, ego, mouré^[10]	story
u	o	oratge^[11]	rule (C), story (V)
u	u	suc, dues, fullet, cobert^[11]	rule

IPA		Suprasegmentals
C	V	Examples	Explanation
ˈ		Dídac [ˈdiðək] (C) / [ˈdiðak] (V)	primary stress
ˌ		Bellpuig [ˌbeʎˈputʃ] (C / V)	secondary stress
.		Maria [məˈɾi.ə] (C) / [maˈɾi.a] (V)	syllable break
ː		Imma [ˈimːə] (C) / [ˈimːa] (V)	long vowel / consonant
IPA		Other representations
( )		Corts [ˈkoɾ(t)s] (C / V)	optional sound

Notes[edit]

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j Obstruents assimilate to the voicing of the following consonant. In syllables produced in utterance-final position (i.e. the coda), voiced obstruents become devoiced (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:63), Wheeler (2005:147–149)).

^ While betacism (that is, the merging of /b/ and /v/ into one phoneme) is common in most speakers of Catalan and in Valencia, several dialects still contrast the two sounds (usually represented as ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩ respectively in Catalan orthography). The contrast is also maintained in Standard Valencian (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:61), Wheeler (2005:13)).

^ ^a^b^c^d Voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ become lenited [β, ð, ɣ] (that is, approximants or fricatives of the same place of articulation) when in the syllable onset and after a continuant. Otherwise they are pronounced as voiced or devoiced stops, similar to English b, d, g and p, t, k. Exceptions include /d/ after a lateral consonant, and /b/ after /f/. In traditional non-betacist dialects, /b/ usually fails to lenite (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:63), Wheeler (2005:10, 310–326)).

^ ^a^b Catalan orthography distinguishes between ⟨ll⟩ (representing /ʎ/) and ⟨l·l⟩ (representing a geminated /lː/). In regular speech gemination of ⟨l·l⟩ is ignored altogether. Some dialects as well as young speakers can merge /ʎ/ with the glide [j] in a process similar to Spanish yeísmo.

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f /l/ and /n/ assimilate to the place of articulation of a following consonant (Rafel (1999:14), Wheeler (2005:166–204)).

^ ^a^b The rhotic consonants ⟨r⟩ /ɾ/ and ⟨rr⟩ /r/ only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ⟨r⟩ with [r] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, and in compounds; and [ɾ] after hard plosives, the soft spirants [β, ð, ɣ], and /f/. Syllable-final /ɾ/ varies according to dialect, emphasis, morpheme and the following sound. In all Catalan dialects, except most of Valencian, /ɾ/ is lost in coda position in suffixes of nouns and adjectives denoting the masculine singular and in the infinitive suffixes of verbs, except when the following morpheme begins with a vowel, although this may vary (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:63–64), Wheeler (2005:24–25)).

^ Other than in loanwords and interjections, the letter ⟨h⟩ is always silent.

^ The semivowels /j/ and /w/ can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:62), Wheeler (2005:90–91)). For a list with all the combinations, see Catalan phonology § Diphthongs and triphthongs.

^ Many words that have /ɛ/ in Standard Catalan have /e/ in Standard Valencian. The latter is the historical pronunciation.

^ ^a^b In Standard Catalan, unstressed [e] and [o] appear only in some words such as ídem [ˈidem], oceans [useˈans], ego [ˈeɣo] and mouré [mowˈɾe]. In other cases, they merge with [ə] and [u] (Wheeler (2005:61–72)).

^ ^a^b^c^d^e
In unstressed position, the seven-way vowel contrast is reduced in all dialects.
- Eastern Catalan: [a, ɛ, e] merge to [ə], whereas [ɔ, o, u] merge to [u], leaving only [ə, i, u] in most unstressed syllables.
- Western Catalan: [ɛ, e] merge to [e] and [ɔ, o] merge to [o]. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ may merge with [a] and [u] respectively (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:62–63), Wheeler (2005:52–77)).

Bibliography[edit]

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Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1999), "Catalan", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 61–65, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 84-7283-446-8

Wheeler, Max W. (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925814-7

External links[edit]

"Diccionari català-valencià-balear (DCVB)". Ed. Moll / Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).

"reSOLC-mitjansCAT". Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada (IULA) – Pompeu Fabra University / Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).

[neutralization_of_obstruents-1] ⁱ^j Obstruents assimilate to the voicing of the following consonant. In syllables produced in utterance-final position (i.e. the coda), voiced obstruents become devoiced (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:63), Wheeler (2005:147–149)).

[b/v-2] While betacism (that is, the merging of /b/ and /v/ into one phoneme) is common in most speakers of Catalan and in Valencia, several dialects still contrast the two sounds (usually represented as ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩ respectively in Catalan orthography). The contrast is also maintained in Standard Valencian (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:61), Wheeler (2005:13)).

[lenition-3] Voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ become lenited [β, ð, ɣ] (that is, approximants or fricatives of the same place of articulation) when in the syllable onset and after a continuant. Otherwise they are pronounced as voiced or devoiced stops, similar to English b, d, g and p, t, k. Exceptions include /d/ after a lateral consonant, and /b/ after /f/. In traditional non-betacist dialects, /b/ usually fails to lenite (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:63), Wheeler (2005:10, 310–326)).

[ll/l·l-4] Catalan orthography distinguishes between ⟨ll⟩ (representing /ʎ/) and ⟨l·l⟩ (representing a geminated /lː/). In regular speech gemination of ⟨l·l⟩ is ignored altogether. Some dialects as well as young speakers can merge /ʎ/ with the glide [j] in a process similar to Spanish yeísmo.

[lateral/nasal-5] /l/ and /n/ assimilate to the place of articulation of a following consonant (Rafel (1999:14), Wheeler (2005:166–204)).

[rhotic-6] The rhotic consonants ⟨r⟩ /ɾ/ and ⟨rr⟩ /r/ only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ⟨r⟩ with [r] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, and in compounds; and [ɾ] after hard plosives, the soft spirants [β, ð, ɣ], and /f/. Syllable-final /ɾ/ varies according to dialect, emphasis, morpheme and the following sound. In all Catalan dialects, except most of Valencian, /ɾ/ is lost in coda position in suffixes of nouns and adjectives denoting the masculine singular and in the infinitive suffixes of verbs, except when the following morpheme begins with a vowel, although this may vary (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:63–64), Wheeler (2005:24–25)).

[h-7] Other than in loanwords and interjections, the letter ⟨h⟩ is always silent.

[semivowel-8] The semivowels /j/ and /w/ can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:62), Wheeler (2005:90–91)). For a list with all the combinations, see Catalan phonology § Diphthongs and triphthongs.

[9] Many words that have /ɛ/ in Standard Catalan have /e/ in Standard Valencian. The latter is the historical pronunciation.

[unstresedmid-10] In Standard Catalan, unstressed [e] and [o] appear only in some words such as ídem [ˈidem], oceans [useˈans], ego [ˈeɣo] and mouré [mowˈɾe]. In other cases, they merge with [ə] and [u] (Wheeler (2005:61–72)).

[unstressedvowelsystems-11] In unstressed position, the seven-way vowel contrast is reduced in all dialects.

Eastern Catalan: [a, ɛ, e] merge to [ə], whereas [ɔ, o, u] merge to [u], leaving only [ə, i, u] in most unstressed syllables.

Western Catalan: [ɛ, e] merge to [e] and [ɔ, o] merge to [o]. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ may merge with [a] and [u] respectively (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:62–63), Wheeler (2005:52–77)).

[12] Eastern Catalan: [a, ɛ, e] merge to [ə], whereas [ɔ, o, u] merge to [u], leaving only [ə, i, u] in most unstressed syllables.

[13] Western Catalan: [ɛ, e] merge to [e] and [ɔ, o] merge to [o]. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ may merge with [a] and [u] respectively (Carbonell & Llisterri (1999:62–63), Wheeler (2005:52–77)).

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