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Cai Gao
Tsae Ko
Traditional Chinese	蔡高
Simplified Chinese	蔡高
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Cài Gāo Wade–Giles Ts‘ai Kao Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Coi³ Gou¹
Tsae A-Ko
Traditional Chinese	蔡亞高
Simplified Chinese	蔡亚高
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Cài Yàgāo Wade–Giles Ts‘ai Ya-kao Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Coi³ Aa³-gou¹ Coi³ Ngaa³-gou¹

Cai Ke[1]
Tsae Ko
Traditional Chinese	蔡軻
Simplified Chinese	蔡轲
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Cài Kē Wade–Giles Ts‘ai K‘o Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Coi³ O¹

An engraving of George Chinnery's lost Robert Morrison Translating the Bible (c. 1828). Morrison is assisted by Li Shigong (left) and Chen Laoyi (right).

Cai Gao (1788–1818), also known as Tsae A-ko and by various other names, was the first Protestant convert in mainland China.^{[n 1]} He has also been called the first Western-style type-cutter and letterpress printer.

Name

The real name of China's first Protestant convert is uncertain, although his surname was "almost certainly" 蔡.^[3] Like those of his family members, his name was recorded only in the missionaries' English romanizations,^[4] which include "Tsae-a-ko",^[5][6]"A-fo",^[7][8] and "A-no".^[3] Over the next two centuries, this was variously modernized as "Tsae A-ko",^{[7][9][10][11]}"A-Ko",^[12] "Ako",^[13] and "Ko".^[14] It has become generally accepted that these rendered the given names 蔡高^[9][15][16] and 蔡亞高,^[9] which would be Cai Gao^{[17][18][19][20]} or Yagao in pinyin. Su and Ying, however, believe the original name to have been 蔡軻,^[1][21][22] which would be Cai Ke in pinyin. Smith also gives the Cantonese form as Choi A-ko.^[2]

Family

Cai Gao's father was a Cantonese merchant at Macao whose legal wife had borne him no children; Gao's mother was his second concubine.^[23] He had an elder brother (born c. 1782)^[24] whose name variously appears as "Low Hëen",^[25] "Low-hëen",^[26]"A-hëen",^[5][27] and "A-këen".^{[13][28][n 2]} He had another brother "A-yun"^[31] or "Ayun",^{[32][n 3]} who was "a child", younger than Low-hëen and whom Morrison "wish[ed] to educate".^[31] Though frequently taken as Gao's younger brother,^[19]A-yun appears as his "elder brother" in the Mission Society's 1819 report.^[33] Morrison's journals mention an "A-Sam" who was distinct from A-yun^[34] and, as "a lad",^[35] distinct from his older tutor and companion Yong Sam-tak.^{[n 4]} McNeur, Gu, and Zetzsche do not mention A-yun as one of Gao's brothers but do say that "A-sam" was his younger brother.^{[15][16][41][n 5]}

The use of lou⁵ (老, p lǎo, "old") and aa³ (then 亞, p yà or yǎ, but now 阿, ā, "dear ~, dear little ~") reflects the standard practice of Cantonese nicknames. Morrison notes that these were generally used without "Tsae, being the sacred or family name".^[27] As the elder member of the family, "Low-hëen" received the affectionate honorific "low-"^[30] and the others the diminutive "a-". While it is possible "Low-hëen" and "A-hëen" were different members of the family, they are not distinguished as such by Morrison.

Life

Cai Gao was born in 1788.^[10] He and his brothers were given a good Chinese education, although Gao's poor health caused him to fall behind his brother Low-hëen.^[7] His calligraphy, however, was quite good.^[19] During his adolescence, his father's wealth was lost when his ship returning from Batavia (now Jakarta) in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) was wrecked in the South China Sea.^[5][7] The father died when Gao was sixteen.^{[7][23][n 6]} Upon the ruin of their family, their father's debts were so large that Gao's brother Low-hëen was suddenly arrested and imprisoned over a decade later for the unpaid amount.^{[19][n 7]}

In March 1808,^[19] Gao—then 20^[23]—began working for Robert Morrison at his home in Guangzhou's Thirteen Factories trading ghetto. Morrison was the first Protestant missionary to the Qing Empire^[19] and a translator for the East India Company. With the assistance of his Chinese staff, he published the first Chinese-language periodical^[42] and, with additional assistance from William Milne, wrote the first major Chinese–English, English–Chinese dictionary from 1815 to 1823.^[43] Low-hëen was already Morrison's tutor and companion,^[31] teaching him Cantonese and copying out Morrison's Chinese translation of the Bible.^[19] Gao was recommended by Yong Sam-tak, who had served as Morrison's comprador since February 1801,^[19] to be Morrison's printer,^[44] carving the wooden blocks necessary to publish the Chinese characters of his text. He also took charge of Morrison's shopping and provisioning.^[19] Morrison took note of him, saying "There is one boy, a fatherless lad, the brother of Low-heen. He possesses tolerable parts. I wish to pay attention to him."^[7]

Morrison asked his employees to attend Sunday worship services at his home. There were also daily meetings which began with Morrison praying, followed by a reading from his Chinese translation of the Bible and Morrison's commentary on it. They ended with hymns. These meetings were sometimes followed by personal counseling.^[19] At first Cai Gao was unable to understand Morrison's attempts to discuss Christianity, but he assisted Low-hëen in printing Morrison's Chinese translation of the New Testament.^[23] After about five months, he began praying with Morrison in Chinese. Nonetheless, owing to his quarreling with Morrison's Mandarin tutor "Kwei-Une",^{[n 8]} the missionary fired them both in late September 1808.^[23][19] Morrison never brought him back into personal service, even after his conversion,^[45] but hired him two years later as the printer for his missionary periodical.^[19] In his survey of the development of Western-style printing in China, Reed calls Cai Gao "the first Chinese type-cutter and letterpress operator".^[46]

Low-hëen continued to work with Morrison and Cai Gao continued to join him for Morrison's meetings and Sunday services. (Low-hëen was an ardent Confucianist, uninterested in Morrison's faith, but attended out of his sense of obligation to his employer.) By October 1812, Gao was reading Morrison's Bible before the group, expressing his own ideas about religion,^[19] and requesting Morrison's guidance on proper prayer.^[7] On October 30,^[19] he brought Morrison some idols, saying that he agreed with their uselessness.^[7] On November 8,^[19] he admitted that he desired baptism, but so secretly that his brothers wouldn't know. His bad temper and quarrelsome nature caused Morrison to deny his request.^[7] After a period of improved behavior and various testing,^[7][19] Cai Gao wrote out a statement of faith^[19][47] and Morrison relented.^[7] The confession follows the structure of a catechism, noting his own sins and "complete depravity", the need for salvation, Christ's ability to provide it and good works' inability, and his hope of resurrection.^{[6][n 9]}

He was baptized by Robert Morrison on Macao^[48] on July 16, 1814,^[14] becoming the first Protestant convert in mainland China.^[49] Morrison's journal entry read,

"At a spring of water issuing from the foot of a lofty hill by the seaside away from human observation, I baptized, in the Name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, the person whose name and character have been given above. Oh, that the Lord may cleanse him from all sin by the blood of Jesus; and purify his heart by the influences of the Holy Spirit! May he be the first-fruits of a great harvest, one of millions who shall come and be saved."^[50][45]

Cai Gao continued to attend services faithfully, with Morrison noting that he attended every Sunday "so long as [he] is within a few miles".^[19] All the same, Morrison continued to complain that "he is not so docile as I could wish".^[13]

In January 1817, officers from Guangdong raided the East India Company's printing offices on Macao, prompting all Morrison's Chinese associates to flee. Gao and two others snuck onto a ship bound for British Malacca. Morrison paid the stow-aways' fare, giving $6 and two boxes of tea to their families in China. He further gave Gao an interest-free $200 loan to start a business to provide for his livelihood while abroad. After he arrived, he began writing books for the London Missionary Society's station.^[19] He was probably also responsible for the hand-cut Chinese type used by the station's printing press.^[51] With the station's printer Liang Fa, who had become the second baptized mainland Chinese in 1816, he attended William Milne's open Sunday services and private lessons each Tuesday evening at 8.^[19] Milne found both "sincere, tho very imperfect, Christians".^[52]

Cai Gao returned to China after six months abroad. On 10 October 1818, Morrison wrote to the London Missionary Society to say that his convert was "suffering from a serious lung disease and I fear this illness is on the verge of ending his life".^[19] He died before the end of the month^{[13][n 10]} of pulmonary consumption.^[45] His brother Low-hëen did not return to Morrison's employment after the raid but he unexpectedly wrote to Morrison in Macao in 1822 requesting baptism. No extant record records it, but they remained close and Low-hëen continued to attend Morrison's gatherings and services until 1827.^[19] Another of Gao's brothers, A-yun, began working for the LMS missionary John Slater while in Malacca in 1818 but returned to China by November 1819,^[19] when officers hunted him and Morrison's other Chinese associates for their involvement with Liang Fa's attempted publication of a Christian tract for distribution in his native village. Morrison hid him in his locked bedroom^[41] until he could escape under cover of darkness. He then accompanied Morrison to Malacca in early 1823 to deal with the problems caused by Milne's death, after which his fate is unrecorded.^[19]

Legacy

A Protestant chapel in Macau bore his name.^[45]

See also

• 
  Liang Fa, the 2nd Protestant convert


• 
  Wat Ngong (Qu Ya'ang), another convert

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

• 
  "Cai Gao", Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity, retrieved 19 July 2016.


• 
  Fischer, Benjamin Louis (2008), Opium Pushing and Bible Smuggling: Religion and the Cultural Politics of British Imperialist Ambition in China, Notre Dame University.


• 
  Gu Changsheng (1991), 《傳教士舆近代中國》 [Chuanjiaoshi Yu Jindai Zhongguo], 2nd ed., Shanghai: Renmin Wenxue. (in Chinese)
  


• 
  He Shengnai (1931), 《最近三十五年之中國敎育》 [Zuìjìn Sānshíwǔ Nián zhī Zhōngguó Jiàoyù, The Last 35 Years of Chinese Education], Shanghai: Commercial Press, reprinted at Beijing in 1957 & 2012
  (in Chinese)
  


• 
  Horne, Charles Sylvester (1904), The Story of the L.M.S., London: London Missionary Society.


• 
  Lee Shiu-keung (1971), The Cross and the Lotus (PDF), Hong Kong: Christian Study Center on Chinese Religion & Culture, Archived from the original on 2009-02-05CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link).


• 
  McNeur, George Hunter (1934), Liang A-Fa: China's First Preacher, 1789–1855, Shanghai: Kwang Hsueh, reprinted 2013 by Pickwick.


• 
  Morrison, Eliza, ed. (1839), Memoirs of the Life and Labours of Robert Morrison, D.D., Vol. I, London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans.


• 
  Philip, Robert (1840), The Life an Opinions of the Rev. William Milne, D.D., Missionary to China, London: John Snow.


• 
  Reed, Christopher Alexander (2004), Gutenberg in Shanghai: Chinese Print Capitalism, 1876–1937, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.


• 
  Seitz, Jonathan A. (2013), "Is Conversion to Christianity Pantheon Theocide? Fragility and Durability in Early Diasporic Chinese Protestantism", Asia in the Making of Christianity: Conversion, Agency, and Indigeneity, 1600s to the Present, Leiden: Brill, pp. 163–188.


• 
  Smith, Carl T.; et al. (1985), Chinese Christians: Elites, Middlemen, and the Church in Hong Kong, Oxford: Oxford University Press, reprinted 2005 by Hong Kong University Press.


• 
  Song, Andrew Baiyu (2015), Training Laborers for His Harvest: A Historical Study of William Milne's Mentorship of Liang Fa, Eugene: Wipf & Stock.


• 
  Strandenaes, Thor (2004), "Anonymous Bible Translators: Native Literati and the Translation of the Bible into Chinese, 1807–1907", Sowing the Word: The Cultural Impact of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1804–2004, Sheffield Phoenix Press, pp. 121–48.


• 
  Su Ching [Su Jing] (2004), "The First Protestant Convert of China, Tsae A-ko (1788–1818)", Ching Feng, Vol. 5, No. 2.
  


• 
  Su Ching [Su Jing] (2005), 《中國，開門！》 [Zhōngguó, Kāimén!, Open Up, China!], Hong Kong: Jidujiao Zhongguo Wenhua Yanjiushe. (in Chinese)
  


• 
  Ying Fuk-tsang [Xing Fuzeng] (11 March 2009), "大门口的传道者──马礼逊传教思想探讨 [Dà Ménkǒu de Chuándàozhě: Mǎlǐxùn Chuánjiào Sīxiǎng Tàntǎo, Preacher at the Gate: An Investigation of Morrison's Missionary Thought]", 《问道》, retrieved 19 July 2016. (in Chinese)
  


• 
  Ying Fuk-tsang [Xing Fuzeng] (April 2012), "Evangelist at the Gate: Robert Morrison's Views on Mission", The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 306–330.


• 
  Zetzsche, Jost Oliver (1999), The Bible in China: The History of the Union Version, or, the Culmination of Protestant Missionary Bible Translation in China, Sankt Augustin: Monumenta Serica Institute.