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Spermatophores of a mole salamander

A spermatophore or sperm ampulla is a capsule or mass containing spermatozoa created by males of various animal species, especially salamanders and arthropods, and transferred in entirety to the female's ovipore during reproduction. Spermatophores may additionally contain nourishment for the female, in which case it is called a nuptial gift, as in the instance of bush crickets.^[1][2] In the case of the toxic moth Utetheisa ornatrix, the spermatophore includes sperm, nutrients, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids which prevent predation because it is poisonous to most organisms.^[3] However, in some species such as the Edith's checkerspot butterfly, the "gift" provides little nutrient value. The spermatophore transferred at mating has little effect on female reproductive output.^[4] The alternative hypothesis of its usefulness is that the process of eating the spermatophore prevents the female from subsequent copulation, serving as a mating plug, thereby giving the male's sperm more time to fertilize.^{[citation needed]} In some cephalopods, however, spermatophores from multiple males might be present inside the same female simultaneously.^[5]

Giant squid spermatophores

Invertebrates

Spermatophores are the norm in arachnids and several soil arthropods. In various insects, such as bush crickets, the spermatophore is often surrounded by a proteinaceous spermatophylax. The function of the spermatophylax is to cause the female to relinquish some of her control over the insemination process allowing full sperm transfer from the spermatophore.^[6] Some species of butterflies and moths also deposit a spermatophore into the female during copulation. Examples include the speckled wood butterfly^[7] or the ornate moth, where males invest up to 10% of their body mass in creating a single spermatophore.^[8] These butterfly species have been known to use mud-puddling behavior, as demonstrated by Dryas iulia, to obtain the minerals needed in spermatophore production.^[9] In some cephalopods, like the argonaut octopus, the spermatophors are contained in a detachable arm capable of autonomous movement and prolonged survival inside the female, to the point that it was mistaken for a parasitic worm by George Cuvier, who gave it the generic name of Hectocotylus.

Vertebrates

Some vertebrates also reproduce via spermatophores. Males of most salamander and newt species create spermatophores, which the females may choose to take up or not, depending on the success of the male's mating display.^[10]

Descendant

Spermatophores are believed to be descendants from aquatic creatures(males) that have released sperm into the water. Once the sperm is unearthed, the female spermatophore begins a complex process of unearthing the male deposits where reproduction occurs.^[11]

References