Kiranti languages


























Kiranti
Ethnicity
Kiranti: Limbu, Yakkha, Sunuwar, Rai
Geographic
distribution
Nepal and India (Sikkim and Darjeeling)
Linguistic classification
Sino-Tibetan

  • Mahakiranti ?
    • Kiranti
Subdivisions

  • Limbu

  • Eastern

  • Central

  • Western
Glottolog
kira1253[1]

The Kiranti languages are a major family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Nepal and India (notably Sikkim and Darjeeling regions) by the Kirati people.




Contents






  • 1 External relationships


  • 2 Languages


  • 3 Classification


  • 4 Reconstruction


  • 5 Notes


  • 6 References


  • 7 External links





External relationships


The Kiranti languages are frequently posited to form part of a Mahakiranti family, although specialists are not completely certain of either the existence of a Kiranti subgroup or its precise membership.[2] LaPolla (2003), though, proposes that Kiranti may be part of a larger "Rung" group.



Languages


There are about two dozen Kiranti languages. The better known are Limbu, Rai, Sunuwar, Bahing, Vayu, Dungmali, Lohorung and Kulung. Overall, they are:




  • Limbu (affinities to Eastern Kiranti)

  • Eastern Kiranti

    • Greater Yakkha

      • Yakkha

      • Belhare

      • Athpare

      • Chintang

      • Chulung



    • Upper Arun River

      • Yamphu-Lohorung

        • Yamphu

        • Lohorung



      • Mewahang

      • ? Waling †






  • Central Kiranti

    • Khambu (Rai)

      • Kulung

      • Nachhiring

      • Sampang

      • Saam



    • Southern

      • Bantawa

      • Puma

      • Chamling

      • Dungmali





  • Western Kiranti


    • Thulung (perhaps a primary branch of Kiranti)

    • Chaurasiya

      • Wambule

      • Jerung



    • Upper Dudhkosi River:

      • Khaling

      • Dumi

      • Koi



    • Northwestern

      • Bahing

      • Sunwar

      • Vayu





Ethnologue adds Tilung to Western Kiranti, based on Opgenort (2011).


Kiranti verbs are not easily segmentable, due in large part to the presence of portmanteau morphemes, crowded affix strings, and extensive (and often nonintuitive) allomorphy.



Classification


Opgenort (2005)[3] classifies the Kiranti languages as follows, and recognizes a basic east-west division within Kiranti.


Kiranti



  • Western

    • Hayu

    • (branch)

      • Thulung

      • (branch)


        • Bahing, Sunwar


        • Jero, Wambule








  • Eastern


    • Khaling, Dumi

    • (branch)


      • Yamphu, Limbu

      • (branch)

        • Kulung


        • Chamling, Bantawa









Reconstruction


Research on proto-Kiranti includes work on phonology and comparative morphology by van Driem,[4] reconstructions by Michailovsky (1991)[5] and Sergei Starostin 1994.[6] Michailovsky and Starostin differ by the number of stop series reconstructed (three vs four) and the interpretation of the correspondences.


Opgenort introduces the reconstruction of preglottalized resonants;[7] his reconstruction is generally based on Starostin's four series system. More recently, Jacques proposed reconstruction of proto-Kiranti verb roots in a framework following Michailovsky's system,[8] and analyzes the other initial correspondences (in particular, the series reconstructed as non-aspirated unvoiced stops by Starostin) as due to morphological alternations and inter-Kiranti borrowing. In addition, he presents a preliminary discussion of the reconstruction of stem alternation and stress patterns on the basis of Khaling and Dumi.[9]



Notes





  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Kiranti". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ Matisoff 2003, pp. 5-6; Thurgood 2003, pp. 15-16; Ebert 2003, pg. 505.


  3. ^ Opgenort, Jean Robert. Comparative and Etymological Kiranti Database.


  4. ^ *van Driem, G.. (1990). The Fall and Rise of the Phoneme /r/ in Eastern Kiranti: Sound Change in Tibeto-Burman. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 53(1), 83–86. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/618970


  5. ^ Michailovsky, Boyd. 1991. Big black notebook of Kiranti, proto-Kiranti forms. (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT).


  6. ^ Starostin, Sergei A. 1994-2000. Proto-Kiranti reconstruction (online
    database). http://starling.rinet.ru/


  7. ^ Opgenort, Jean-Robert. 2004. Implosive and preglottalized stops in Kiranti. Linguistics of the Tibeto–Burman Area 27(1). 1–27.
    Opgenort, Jean-Robert. 2005. A grammar of Jero, with a historical comparative
    study of the Kiranti languages. Leiden: Brill.


  8. ^
    Jacques, Guillaume. 2017. A reconstruction of Proto-Kiranti verb roots. Folia Linguistica Historica 38. 177–215. [1]


  9. ^ Jacques, Guillaume. 2016. Tonogenesis and tonal alternations in Khaling. In Enrique L. Palancar & Jean Léo Léonard (eds.), Tone and Inflection, 41–66. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. [2]




References



  • George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.

  • Bickel, Balthasar, G. Banjade, M. Gaenszle, E. Lieven, N. P. Paudyal, & I. Purna Rai et al. (2007). Free prefix ordering in Chintang. Language, 83 (1), 43–73.

  • James A. Matisoff: Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman. University of California Press 2003.

  • Graham Thurgood (2003) "A Subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan Languages: The Interaction between Language Contact, Change, and Inheritance," The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge. pp. 3–21.

  • Karen H. Ebert (2003) "Kiranti Languages: An Overview," The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge. pp. 505–517.


Reconstructions



  • Michailovsky, Boyd. 1991. Big black notebook of Kiranti, proto-Kiranti forms. (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT).


  • Opgenort, Jean Robert (2011). "A note on Tilung and its position within Kiranti". Himalayan Linguistics. 10 (1): 253–271.

  • A reconstruction of Proto-Kiranti verb roots, supplementary file of Jacques (2017) [3]



External links



  • Kiranti Database Project (Jean Robert Opgenort)










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