Richard Gere




American actor































Richard Gere

Richard Gere, December 2017.jpg
Gere in December 2017

Born
Richard Tiffany Gere


(1949-08-31) August 31, 1949 (age 69)

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.

Education North Syracuse Central High School
Occupation

  • Actor

Years active 1969–present
Spouse(s)

Cindy Crawford
(m. 1991; div. 1995)



Carey Lowell
(m. 2002; div. 2016)



Alejandra Silva (m. 2018)

Children 2

Richard Tiffany Gere[1] (IPA: /ɡɪər/, pronunciation respelling: geer;[2][3] born August 31, 1949) is an American actor. He began in films in the 1970s, playing a supporting role in Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977) and a starring role in Days of Heaven (1978). He came to prominence with his role in the film American Gigolo (1980), which established him as a leading man and a sex symbol.[4] He went on to star in many well-received films, including An Officer and a Gentleman (1982), The Cotton Club (1984), Pretty Woman (1990), Sommersby (1993), Primal Fear (1996), Runaway Bride (1999), I'm Not There (2007), Arbitrage (2012) and Norman: The Moderate Rise and Tragic Fall of a New York Fixer (2016). For portraying Billy Flynn in the Academy Award-winning musical Chicago (2002), he won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award as part of the cast.




Contents






  • 1 Early life and education


  • 2 Career


    • 2.1 Stage


    • 2.2 Film


    • 2.3 Music and dance




  • 3 Personal life and activism


  • 4 Honors and awards


  • 5 Political views


  • 6 Filmography


    • 6.1 Film


    • 6.2 Television




  • 7 Awards and nominations


  • 8 References


  • 9 External links





Early life and education


Gere was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His mother, Doris Ann (née Tiffany, 1924–2016),[1] was a housewife. His father, Homer George Gere (1922-),[1] was an insurance agent for the Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company and had originally intended to become a minister.[5] Gere is their eldest son and second child.[1]


His paternal great-grandfather had changed the spelling of the surname from "Geer".[1] Both of his parents were Mayflower descendants; Gere's ancestors include Pilgrims Francis Eaton, John Billington, George Soule, Richard Warren, Degory Priest, Francis Cooke, and William Brewster.[1]


In 1967, Gere graduated from North Syracuse Central High School, where he excelled at gymnastics and music, and played the trumpet.[5] He attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst on a gymnastics scholarship, majoring in philosophy, but he left after two years and did not graduate.[5][6]



Career



Stage


Gere first worked professionally at the Seattle Repertory Theatre and Provincetown Playhouse on Cape Cod in 1969, where he starred in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. His first major acting role was in the original London stage version of Grease in 1973.[5]
Gere was one of the first notable Hollywood actors to play a homosexual character, starring as a gay Holocaust victim in the 1979 Broadway production of Bent; Gere's performance earned him a Theatre World Award.



Film


He began appearing in Hollywood films in the mid-1970s. Originally cast in a starring role in The Lords of Flatbush (1974), he was replaced after fighting with another star of the film, Sylvester Stallone. He played a small but memorable part in Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977) and starred in director Terrence Malick's well-reviewed drama Days of Heaven (1978).[5]
The crime drama American Gigolo (1980) significantly boosted his profile and the romantic drama An Officer and a Gentleman (1982) (co-starring Debra Winger) cemented Gere's ascent to stardom, grossing almost $130 million[7] and winning two Academy Awards out of six nominations;[8] Gere himself received his first Golden Globe Award nomination.[9]


For the remainder of the 1980s, Gere appeared in films of varying critical and commercial reception.[10][11] His career rebounded with the releases of Internal Affairs (1990) and Pretty Woman (1990), the latter of which earned him his second Golden Globe Award nomination.[12] The 1990s saw Gere star in successful films including Sommersby (1993) (opposite Jodie Foster), Primal Fear (1996) and Runaway Bride (1999) (which reunited him with his Pretty Woman co-star Julia Roberts).[10] He also took a leading role in the action thriller The Jackal (1997), playing former IRA militant Declan Mulqueen; Gere affected an Irish accent for the role.[13]


Gere was named People magazine's "Sexiest Man Alive" in 1999. Not long thereafter, all in the same year, he appeared in the hit films The Mothman Prophecies (2002), Unfaithful (2002) and the Academy Award-winning musical film adaptation Chicago (2002),[5] for which he won his first Golden Globe Award. Gere's ballroom dancing drama Shall We Dance? (2004) was also a solid performer that grossed $170 million worldwide.[14] His next film, the book-to-screen adaptation Bee Season (2005), was a commercial failure.[15] Gere went on to co-star with Jesse Eisenberg and Terrence Howard in The Hunting Party (2007), a thriller in which he played a journalist in Bosnia. He next appeared with Christian Bale, Heath Ledger and Cate Blanchett in Todd Haynes' semi-biographical film about Bob Dylan, I'm Not There (2007); Gere was one of six actors to portray a variation of Dylan.


Gere co-starred with Diane Lane in the romantic drama Nights in Rodanthe (2008). The film was widely panned by critics[16] (making #74 on The Times Worst Films of 2008 list),[17] but grossed over $84 million worldwide.[18] The film is Gere's most recent to have been produced entirely by a major film studio. Gere has expressed belief that his politics regarding Tibet and China, the latter an important financial resource for major studios, have made him persona non grata within Hollywood.[19]


Gere embraced his apparent exile from Hollywood, appearing in independent features that garnered some of the best reviews of his career.[11] He was notably singled out for portraying businessman Robert Miller in Arbitrage (2012), earning his fourth Golden Globe Award nomination. Among many positive reviews,[20]Peter Travers of Rolling Stone cited Gere's performance as "too good to ignore" and "an implosive tour de force".[21]Lou Lumenick of the New York Post further wrote "Richard Gere gives the best performance of his career".[22][23] Also in 2012, Gere received the Golden Starfish Award for Lifetime Achievement from the Hamptons International Film Festival and the Career Achievement Award from the Hollywood Film Awards.[24][25] He had earlier received an award from the 34th Cairo International Film Festival in December 2010.[26]


Gere made a notable departure from his traditional screen persona with Norman: The Moderate Rise and Tragic Fall of a New York Fixer (2016). The political drama (written and directed by Academy Award-nominee Joseph Cedar) saw him portray Norman Oppenheimer, a "small time Jewish 'fixer'". Gere himself described the character as an embodiment of the "sides of us we know are annoying and needy".[27] His portrayal of Oppenheimer was called "consistently, completely fascinating" by RogerEbert.com[28] and was singled out as a worthy Academy Award contender by Variety.[29]



Music and dance


Gere is an accomplished musician, composing and performing the Pretty Woman piano theme and a guitar solo in Runaway Bride. He learned tap dance for Chicago and karate for An Officer and a Gentleman.[30]



Personal life and activism


Gere had a relationship with actress Penelope Milford from 1971-78.[31] He had affairs with Priscilla Presley in 1983[32] and Kim Basinger in 1986.[33]


Gere was married to supermodel Cindy Crawford from 1991-95. In November 2002, he married model and actress Carey Lowell.[34] They have a son, Homer James Jigme Gere, who was born in February 2000 and is named for his grandfathers as well as the Tibetan name Jigme.[5][35]


In September 2013, the two separated after 11 years of marriage. The couple spent three years in highly contested divorce proceedings in New York County Supreme Court.[36][37] The case was settled in October 2016.[38]


In early April 2018, he married Spanish activist Alejandra Silva.[39] In August 2018, the couple announced that they were expecting their first child,[40][41] a baby boy who was born in February 2019.[42][43]




Gere speaking about the Dalai Lama in 2000


Gere was raised Methodist.[44][45] His interest in Buddhism began when he was in his 20s.[46] He first studied Zen Buddhism[46] under Kyozan Joshu Sasaki. After having studied Zen for five or six years,[46] in 1978 he traveled with the Brazilian painter Sylvia Martins[47] to Nepal, where he met many Tibetan monks and lamas.[47] He then met the 14th Dalai Lama in India[46] and became a practicing Tibetan Buddhist of the Gelugpa school of Tibetan Buddhism[46] and an active supporter of the Dalai Lama.[5] Gere regularly visits Dharamshala, the headquarters of the Tibetan government-in-exile.[48]


Gere is also an advocate for human rights in Tibet. He is a co-founder of the Tibet House, creator of the Gere Foundation and Chairman of the Board of Directors for the International Campaign for Tibet. Because he supports the Tibetan Independence Movement, he is permanently banned from entering the People's Republic of China.[49][50]


In 1993, Gere was banned from being an Academy Award presenter after he denounced the Chinese government in his capacity while announcing the nominees.[51][52]


In September 2007, Gere called for the boycott of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games to put pressure on China to make Tibet independent. He starred in a Free Tibet-themed Lancia commercial featuring the Lancia Delta.[53] On June 27, 2011, Gere meditated in Borobudur Temple,[54] in Indonesia.




Gere visits USAID HIV/AIDS "Operation Lighthouse" Project in Mumbai.


Gere actively supports Survival International, an organization dedicated to protecting the rights and lands of tribal peoples throughout the world.[47]


He contributed some of his writing for the book, We Are One: A Celebration of Tribal Peoples, released in October 2009.[55] Gere discussed the persecution and loss of land of the Jummas as an example of a tragic story that repeats itself in different continents of the world, calling attention to the crime against their peaceful culture and how it reflects on humankind's own relationship with nature and capacity to survive.[56] The royalties from the sale of the book go to the indigenous rights organization, Survival International.


Gere campaigns for ecological causes and AIDS awareness. He currently serves on the board of directors for Healing the Divide, an organization that supports global initiatives to promote peace, justice and understanding.[57] He helped to establish the AIDS Care Home, a residential facility in India for women and children with AIDS, and also supports campaigns for AIDS awareness and education in that country. In 1999, he created the Gere Foundation India Trust to support a variety of humanitarian programs in India.[58]


On April 15, 2007, Gere appeared at an AIDS awareness rally in Jaipur, India. During a live news conference to promote condom use among truck drivers, he embraced Bollywood superstar Shilpa Shetty, dipped her, and kissed her several times on the cheek. As a result of that gesture, a local court ordered the arrest of Gere and Shetty, finding them in violation of public obscenity laws. Gere has said the controversy was "manufactured by a small hard-line political party." About a month later, a two-judge bench headed by the Chief Justice of India, K. G. Balakrishnan, described the case as "frivolous" and believed that such complaints (against celebrities) were filed for "cheap publicity" and have brought a bad name to the country. They ruled that Gere would remain free to enter the country.[59]


Gere's name is on some lists of famous vegetarians.[60][61] However, he is not a vegetarian.[62]


In 2016, he endorsed Hillary Clinton for president and donated $2,700 to her campaign.[63]



Honors and awards


In 1995, he was the President of the Jury at the 19th Moscow International Film Festival.[64]


On May 17, 2012, Albanian President, Bamir Topi awarded the "Medal of Gratitude" to Richard Gere with the citation: "With gratitude and honor outstanding personality of the world art, great humanist and activist for the protection of human rights, which unmasked and the American public made known, and further, inhuman crimes, ethnic cleansing in Kosovo, in 1999, the Serbian military machine against the Albanian civilian population living in its land".[65] On February 16, 2012, the George Eastman Museum honored Gere with the George Eastman Award for distinguished contribution to the art of film.[66]



Political views


In 2010, Gere stated that the war in Iraq wasn't supported by the American people and that the George W. Bush administration "bullied" Americans into the decision. He called George W. Bush a very "poor president".[67]


"I'm very sorry about what the U.S. has done in Iraq. This war has been a tragedy for everyone. I hope that the people of Iraq can rebuild their country," Gere said in a press conference held on the sidelines of the 34th Cairo International Film Festival.[68]



Filmography



Film













































































































































































































































































































































Year
Title
Role
Notes
1975

Report to the Commissioner
Billy

1975

Strike Force
Officer Walter C. Spenser

1976

Baby Blue Marine
Raider

1977

Looking for Mr. Goodbar
Tony Lopanto

1978

Bloodbrothers
Thomas Stony De Coco

1978

Days of Heaven
Bill

1979

Yanks
Matt Dyson

1980

American Gigolo
Julian Kaye

1982

An Officer and a Gentleman
Zack Mayo

1983

The Honorary Consul
Dr. Eduardo Plarr
a.k.a. Beyond the Limit
1983

Breathless
Jesse Lujack

1984

The Cotton Club
Dixie Dwyer

1985

King David

David

1986

No Mercy
Eddie Jillette

1986

Power
Pete St. John

1988

Miles from Home
Frank Roberts, Jr.

1990

Internal Affairs
Dennis Peck

1990

Pretty Woman
Edward Lewis

1991

Rhapsody in August
Clark

1992

Final Analysis
Dr. Isaac Barr

1993

Mr. Jones
Mr. Jones

1993

Sommersby
John Robert 'Jack' Sommersby

1993

And the Band Played On
The Choreographer

1994

Intersection
Vincent Eastman

1995

First Knight
Lancelot

1996

Primal Fear
Martin Vail

1997

The Jackal
Declan Joseph Mulqueen

1997

Red Corner
Jack Moore

1999

Runaway Bride
Ike Graham

2000

Dr. T & the Women
Dr. T

2000

Autumn in New York
Will Keane

2002

The Mothman Prophecies
John Klein

2002

Unfaithful
Edward Sumner

2002

Chicago

William "Billy" Flynn

2004

Shall We Dance?
John Clark

2005

Bee Season
Saul Naumann

2006

The Hoax

Clifford Irving

2007

The Hunting Party
Simon

2007

I'm Not There

Bob Dylan as Billy The Kid

2007

The Flock
Agent Erroll Babbage

2008

Nights in Rodanthe
Dr. Paul Flanner

2009

Amelia

George Putnam

2009

Hachi: A Dog's Tale
Parker Wilson

2009

Brooklyn's Finest
Eddie Dugan

2011

The Double
Paul Shepherdson

2012

Arbitrage
Robert Miller

2013

Movie 43
Boss
Segment "iBabe"
2014

Henry & Me
Henry (voice)

2014

Time Out of Mind
George Hammond

2015

The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel
Guy Chambers

2015

The Benefactor
Franny

2016

Norman: The Moderate Rise and Tragic Fall of a New York Fixer
Norman Oppenheimer

2017

The Dinner
Stan Lohman

2017

Three Christs
Dr. Alan Stone



Television



































Year
Title
Role
Notes
1976

Kojak
Geno Papas
Episode: "Birthday Party"
2001

The Simpsons
Voice

Episode: "She of Little Faith"


2014

Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey

Clair Cameron Patterson
Voice

Episode: "The Clean Room"


2019

MotherFatherSon
Max


Awards and nominations






















































































































Year
Nominated work
Award
Result
1979

Days of Heaven

David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actor
Won
1983

An Officer and a Gentleman

Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama
Nominated
1984

The Honorary Consul

Nastro d'Argento Award for Best Foreign Actor
Nominated
1986

King David

Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor
Nominated
1991

Pretty Woman

Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
Nominated
1994

And the Band Played On

Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie
Nominated
1997

Red Corner

National Board of Review Freedom of Expression Award
Won
2000

Runaway Bride

Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Actor - Comedy/Romance
Nominated
2001

Dr. T & the Women

Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture
Nominated

Autumn in New York

Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Combo (shared with Winona Ryder)
Nominated
2003

Chicago

Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast
Won

Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
Won

Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
Won
Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role
Nominated

Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain
Nominated
2005

Shall We Dance

Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie: Dance Scene (shared with Jennifer Lopez)
Nominated
2007

The Hoax

Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture
Nominated
2008

I'm Not There

Independent Spirit Robert Altman Award
Won
2013

Arbitrage

Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama
Nominated


References





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  8. ^ "THE 55TH ACADEMY AWARDS - 1983". Oscars.org. Retrieved 23 June 2017.


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  13. ^ "Top 5 worst Irish accents in films". Metro. Retrieved June 24, 2017.


  14. ^ "Shall We Dance". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 4, 2009.


  15. ^ "Bee Season". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 4, 2009.


  16. ^ "Nights in Rodanthe (2008)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 4, 2009.


  17. ^ "Turkeys! The 100 Worst Movies of 2008". The Times. December 8, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2009.


  18. ^ "Nights in Rodanthe". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 4, 2009.


  19. ^ Siegel, Tatiana (April 18, 2017). "Richard Gere's Studio Exile: Why His Hollywood Career Took an Indie Turn". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 25, 2017.


  20. ^ "Arbitrage (2012)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 26 June 2017.


  21. ^ Travers, Peter. "Arbitrage". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 26 June 2017.


  22. ^ Rosen, Christopher (January 22, 2012). "Richard Gere in 'Arbitrage': Sundance Film Festival's First Oscar Contender?". moviefone. Retrieved March 30, 2014.


  23. ^ Lumenick, Lou (January 21, 2012). "Sundance 2012 Oscar Watch: Gere soars in 'Arbitrage'". New York Post. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2014.


  24. ^ Barylski, Nicole. "Richard Gere Receiving Lifetime Achievement In Acting At Hamptons International Film Festival". Hamptons.com. Retrieved 26 June 2017.


  25. ^ "Richard Gere will receive the "Hollywood Career Achievement Award" at the 2012 HFAs". Hollywood Film Awards. Retrieved 26 June 2017.


  26. ^ "Gere, Binoche honored at CIFF opening". Daily News Egypt. November 30, 2010. Archived from the original on December 10, 2010. Retrieved December 1, 2010.


  27. ^ Riley, Jenelle. "Richard Gere on the Desperate but Optimistic 'Norman' and 'Pretty Woman' Original Ending". Retrieved 29 June 2017.


  28. ^ Lemire, Christy. "Norman". Rogerebert.com. Retrieved 29 June 2017.


  29. ^ Tapley, Kristopher; Riley, Jenelle. "Oscars: 13 Deserving Contenders From 2017 So Far". Variety.com. Retrieved 29 June 2017.


  30. ^ "11 things you didn't know about Richard Gere..." Womansown.co.uk. August 27, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2018.


  31. ^ "A Supreme Being". People.com. Retrieved July 15, 2018.


  32. ^ Edwards, Michael (1988). Priscilla, Elvis, and Me. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312022689.


  33. ^ Britton, Ron (1998). Kim Basinger: Longer Than Forever. Blake Publishing. ISBN 1857823257.


  34. ^ Silverman, Stephen (November 15, 2002). "Gere, Lowell Get Married". People. Retrieved September 25, 2013.


  35. ^ Jewel, Dan (February 21, 2000). "Role Change". People. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 25, 2013.


  36. ^ Strang, Fay (September 25, 2013). "Richard Gere and wife Carey Lowell set for divorce as they split after 11 years of marriage due to lifestyle differences". Daily Mail. London, UK. Retrieved September 25, 2013.


  37. ^ Ross, Barbara (May 1, 2015). "Richard Gere, Carey Lowell still fighting over money in divorce case". New York Daily News. Retrieved 9 November 2015.


  38. ^ Ross, Barbara. "Richard Gere finalizes divorce settlement with Carey Lowell after more than a decade of marriage - NY Daily News". Nydailynews.com. Retrieved July 15, 2018.


  39. ^ Ale Russian (April 23, 2018). "All About Richard Gere's 35-Year-Old Wife Alejandra Silva: An Activist from Spain's Elite Circle". Retrieved May 7, 2018.


  40. ^ "Richard Gere, 68, expecting baby with new wife, 35: Report". www.msn.com. Retrieved 2018-08-14.


  41. ^ Meechan, Lauren (2018-08-08). "Richard Gere, 68, 'expecting first child with Alejandra Silva, 35,' months after they wed". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-08-14.


  42. ^ CNN, Chloe Melas. "Richard Gere, 69, and wife Alejandra welcome baby boy". CNN. Retrieved 2019-02-12.


  43. ^ "Richard Gere and wife welcome baby son - report". www.msn.com. Retrieved 2019-02-11.


  44. ^ Jones, Chris (December 27, 2002). "Richard Gere: On guard". BBC News. Retrieved May 22, 2010.


  45. ^ "Richard Gere Interview for Bee Season". The Cinema Source.


  46. ^ abcde "Richard Gere: My Journey as a Buddhist". Shambhala Sun. Retrieved May 27, 2012.


  47. ^ abc "Richard Gere Biography". The Biography Channel. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2007.


  48. ^ "Richard Gere in Bodh Gaya to attend Dalai Lama's discourse". Daily News and Analysis. Retrieved May 27, 2012.


  49. ^ Yahlin Chang, 'Red Corner,' Newsweek (New York) November 10, 1997: Gere has already been banned from entering China for his pro-Tibet activities.


  50. ^ Laurence Caracalla, Harrison Ford, Silverback Books, 2007, pg. 93.<-- ISSN/ISBN needed-->


  51. ^ "Richard Gere profile". Hello.


  52. ^ "Richard Gere: Man of masks". The Independent. London, UK. December 1, 2007.


  53. ^ "Lancia Delta "Richard Gere" TV Commercial". paultan.org.


  54. ^ Richard Gere Ingin Kembali ke Candi Borobudur Archived June 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine


  55. ^ "We Are One". survivalinternational.org.


  56. ^ Eede, Joanna (2009). We are One: A Celebration of Tribal Peoples. Quadrille Publishing. ISBN 1-84400-729-4.


  57. ^ Healing The Divide Archived June 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine


  58. ^ The Gere Foundation; retrieved May 12, 2007.


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  60. ^ "Famous Vegans". Vegans Have Superpowers. Retrieved 2017-10-12.


  61. ^ "Famous Vegetarians and Famous vegans". Veganwolf.com. Retrieved 2017-10-12.


  62. ^ Parsons, Rhea (2011-03-24). "Breaking Up With Richard Gere". The 'V' Word. Retrieved 2017-10-12. Richard Gere is all of these things but there is one thing he's not: a Vegan. He's not even vegetarian.


  63. ^ "Celebs endorsing presidential candidates". CBS News. October 18, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2018.


  64. ^ "19th Moscow International Film Festival (1995)". MIFF. Archived from the original on March 22, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.


  65. ^ President Topi dekoron zotin Riçard Gir me “Medaljen e Mirënjohjes”, President of Albania, May 17, 2012 (in Albanian)


  66. ^ "Richard Gere to receive George Eastman Award". Yahoo News. December 23, 2011.


  67. ^ "Juliette Binoche and Richard Gere greet the press". Al-Masry Al-Youm. December 1, 2010.


  68. ^ "Seeing the stars in Cairo". Egyptian Gazette. December 27, 2010. Archived from the original on July 4, 2011.




External links





  • Richard Gere on Box Office Mojo


  • Richard Gere on IMDb


  • Richard Gere at the Internet Broadway Database Edit this at Wikidata


  • Richard Gere at the Internet Off-Broadway Database


  • Hollywood star Richard Gere defends Indian N-tests (AFP) at the Wayback Machine (archived October 9, 1999) (23 May 1998)

  • The Gere Foundation


  • The Druk White Lotus School (external link) of which Gere is an Honorary Patron

  • Melvin McLeod (1 May May 1999) Richard Gere: My Journey as a Buddhist











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