Mundari language
| Mundari | |
|---|---|
| ମୁଣ୍ଡା, মুন্ডা, मुंडारि | |
| Native to | India, Bangladesh, Nepal |
| Ethnicity | Munda |
Native speakers | 1,128,228 (2011 census)[1] |
Language family | Austroasiatic
|
| Dialects |
|
Writing system | Mundari Bani, Devanagari, Eastern Nagari script, Oriya script, Latin script |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | unr – inclusive codeIndividual code: unx – Kili (called "Munda" in the census) |
| Glottolog | mund1320[2] |
Mundari (Muɳɖa) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken by the Munda people in eastern India (primarily Assam and Jharkhand), Bangladesh, and Nepal. It is closely related to Santali. Mundari Bani, a script specifically to write Mundari, was invented by Rohidas Singh Nag.[3][4] It has also been written in Devanagari, Odia, Eastern Nagari, and Latin.
Contents
1 History
2 Dialects
3 Phonology
3.1 Vowels
3.2 Consonants
4 Counting
5 Relations
6 Verb
7 Samples
8 References
9 Further reading
9.1 Texts
10 External links
History
According to linguist Paul Sidwell (2018), Munda languages probably arrived on coast of Odisha from Indochina about 4000–3500 years ago after Indo-Aryan migration to Odisha.[5]
Dialects
Toshiki Osada (2008:99), citing the Encyclopaedia Mundarica (vol. 1, p. 6), lists the following dialects of Mundari, which are spoken mostly in Jharkhand state.
Hasada ([hasa-daʔ]): east of the Ranchi-Chaibasa Road
Naguri ([naguri]): west of the Ranchi-Chaibasa Road
Tamaria ([tamaɽ-ia]) or Latar: Panchpargana area (Bundu, Tamar, Silli, Baranda, and Rahe)
Kera ([keraʔ]): ethnic Oraon who live in the Ranchi city area
Bhumij, listed in many sources as a separate language, may in fact be a variety of the Latar (Tamaria) dialect of Mundari. It is spoken across Jharkhand state and in Mayurbhanj district, Odisha (Anderson 2008:196). There may be around 50,000 Bhumij speakers.
[6]
Phonology
The phonology of Mundari is similar to the surrounding closely related Austroasiatic languages but considerably different from either Indo-Aryan or Dravidian. Perhaps the most foreign phonological influence has been on the vowels. Whereas the branches of Austroasiatic in Southeast Asia are rich in vowel phonemes, Mundari has only five. The consonant inventory of Mundari is similar to other Austroasiatic languages with the exception of retroflex consonants, which seem to appear only in loanwords. (Osada 2008)
Vowels
Mundari has five vowel phonemes. All vowels have long and short as well as nasalized allophones, but neither length nor nasality are contrastive. All vowels in open monosyllables are quantitatively longer than those in closed syllables, and those following nasal consonants or /ɟ/ are nasalized. Vowels preceding or following /ɳ/ are also nasalized.
Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | e | o | |
Open | a |
Consonants
Mundari's consonant inventory consists of 23 basic phonemes. The Naguri and Kera dialects include aspirated stops as additional phonemes, here enclosed in parentheses.
Labial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop | voiceless | p | t̪ | ʈ | t͡ɕ | k | ʔ |
aspirated | (pʰ) | (t̪ʰ) | (ʈʰ) | (t͡ɕʰ) | (kʰ) | ||
voiced | b | d̪ | ɖ | d͡ʑ | g | ||
Fricative | s̪ | h | |||||
Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Approximant | w | l | ɽ | j | |||
Trill | r |
Counting
| Mundari | Transliteration | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| मिसा | Missa | Once |
| बरसा | Birsa | Twice |
| अपिसा | Apisa | Thrice |
| उपनुसा | Upnisa | four times |
| मोंड़ेसा | Mondesa | Five times |
| तुरिसा | Turisa | Six times |
| ए'सा | Eh sa | Seven times |
| इरलसा | Erklsa | Eight Times |
| अरे-सा | Are sa | Nine times |
| गेलसा | Gelsa | Ten times |
Relations
| Mundari | Transliteration | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| ऐंन्गा | Enga | Mother |
| आपूम | Apum | Father |
| हग्गा | Hagga | Brother |
| मिस्सी | Missi | Sister |
| गुया | Guya | Sister/brother of sister/brother in law |
| गतिंग | Gatin | Friend |
Verb
| Mundari | Transliteration | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| रिकाएआ-करेगा | Rikā'ē'ā | Does |
| ओलेआ | Ol'ē'ā | Write |
| जगरेआ | Jagor'ē'ā | Talk |
| पढ़वएआ | Padv'ē'ā | Read |
| लेलेआ | Lel'ē'ā | Look/ See |
| सेनेआ | Sen'ē'ā | Come along with |
| नमेआ | Nem'ē'ā | Found |
| निरेआ | Nir'ē'ā | Run |
| सबेआ | Sab'ē'ā | Hold |
| लेका एआ | Leka'ē'ā | Count |
| मुकाएआ | Muka'ē'ā | Measure |
| रिका एआ | Rika'ē'ā | Cut |
Samples
| Mundari | Transliteration | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| सिंग बोंगा मरांग बोंगा । | Sing bonga marang bonga | God is almighty. |
| अमा नुतुम चिना ? | Amā nutum chénā | What is your name? |
| अायं नुतुम रिमिल तना । | A̔iy nutum Rimil tanā. | My name is Rimil. |
| अम कोते सेनो तना? | Am kōtēm sēnō tanā | Where are you going? |
| नेते हुजू में | Nētē hijū mē | Come here. |
| अम चिल्का मेना ? | Am chilkā mēnāme | How are you? |
| आलोम नाक खुजाओ में | Ālama nāka khujā'ō maiṁ | Don't scratch your nose. |
| जागर लाई पैसा लॉगो। | Jāgar natin paisā lagawa | Talking costs money. |
| अम सिनेमा लाई सेनो तना चि का ? | Ām cinēmā lel sēnō tanā cī . | Will you go to Cinema? |
| अम चिकम चिका ताना ? | Am kanam cekā tānā? | What are you doing? |
| एमके चिकना मेना ? | Ēmakē cikanā mēnā? | you have any problem |
| अम कोते ते हिजु ताना ? | Ām kōtēm senoh tānā? | Where did you go? |
| अम कोते ते हिजु ताना ? | Koteyam hijuh tan | Where are you coming from? |
| थड़ीआ | Thaṛī'ā | Utensils. |
| बहा | Baā | Flower. |
| हइः | Hai | Fish |
| हइःपसे | Hai pase | Fishing |
References
^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2018-07-07..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mundari". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ "BMS to intensify agitation on Mundari language". oneindia.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
^ "Adivasi. Volume 52. Number 1&2. June&December 2012". Page 22
^ Sidwell, Paul. 2018. Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, May 22, 2018.
^ "Keeping Munda in mind - Pune Mirror -". punemirror.in. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
- Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). 2008. The Munda languages. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge.
ISBN 0-415-32890-X. - Osada Toshiki. 2008. "Mundari". In Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). The Munda languages, 99–164. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge.
ISBN 0-415-32890-X.
Further reading
- Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005a. Mundari: the myth of a language without word classes. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 351–390.
- Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005b. Mundari and argumentation in word-class analysis. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 442–457
- Hengeveld, Kees & Jan Rijkhoff. 2005. Mundari as a flexible language. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 406–431.
- Newberry, J. (2000). North Munda dialects: Mundari, Santali, Bhumia. Victoria, B.C.: J. Newberry.
ISBN 0-921599-68-4
Texts
Johann Hoffmann (1903). Mundari grammar. Bengal Secretariat Press. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
J. C. Whitley (1873). A Mundári Primer. Bengal Secretariat Press. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
Carl Gustav R.E. Alfred Nottrott (1882). Grammatik der Kolh-Sprache. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
Four gospels in Mundari. Bible Society. 1881. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
External links
- Mundari Bibliography at Department of Linguistics, University of Osnabrueck, Germany
- Detailed language map of eastern Nepal, see language #68 in green along eastern border
http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AA-C@view Mundari language in RWAAI Digital Archive
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