List of peasant revolts
This is a chronological list of conflicts in which peasants played a significant role.
Contents
1 Background
2 Chronological list
3 See also
4 References
5 Sources
Background
History of peasant wars spans over a period of over two thousand years. A variety of reasons fueled the emergence of the peasant revolt phenomenon, including:[1]
- Tax resistance
- Social inequality
- Religious war
- National liberation
- Resistance against serfdom
- Redistribution of land
- External factors such as plague and famine
Later peasant revolts such as the Telangana Rebellion were also influenced by agrarian socialist ideologies.[2]
The majority of peasant rebellions ended prematurely and were unsuccessful. Peasants suffered from limited funding and lacked the training and organisational capabilities of professional armies.[3]
Chronological list
The list gives the name, the date, the peasant allies and enemies, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:
- Peasant victory
- Peasant defeat
- Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result unknown or indecisive)
- Ongoing conflict
Date | Conflict | State | Peasants | Result | Image | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
209–206 BC | Anti-Qin revolts (including Dazexiang Uprising) | Qin dynasty | Peasants under several rebel leaders, including Chen Sheng, Wu Guang, Xiang Yu, and Liu Bang | Qin dissolution | [4] | ||
205–186 BC | Great revolt of the Egyptians | Ptolemaic Kingdom | Native Egyptian peasants and soldiers under secessionist Pharaohs Hugronaphor and Ankhmakis | Suppression of the rebellion | [5] | ||
17–25 | Lülin | Xin dynasty | Lülin rebels | Collapse of Xin dynasty; ascendancy of rebel leader Liu Xiu after infighting among Lülin forces | |||
17–27 | Red Eyebrows | Xin dynasty | Red Eyebrows rebels | Goal of the rebellion partially achieved, but eventual defeat of the movement by Liu Xiu | |||
172–173 | Bucolic War | Roman Empire | Egyptian peasants under Isidorus | Suppression of the rebellion | [6] | ||
184–205 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | Han dynasty | Yellow Turban rebels | Suppression of the rebellion, though Han dynasty is severely weakened | [7] | ||
185–205 | Heishan bandit movement | Han dynasty | Bandit confederacy of the Taihang Mountains Gongsun Zan's forces | Suppression of the rebellion, though Han dynasty is severely weakened | |||
3rd–5th century | Bagaudae | Roman Empire | Bagaudae Suebi | Gain control of some territory; end with the general collapse of the Roman Empire | |||
4th–late 5th century | Circumcellions | Roman Empire (until 435) Catholic Church (until 435) Vandal Kingdom (since 435) African landlords | Berber and Roman peasants Donatist authorities Rebellious Roman military under Gildo (in 398) | End of Roman Catholic rule in Africa, but suppression of the rebellion by Vandals and Arian authorities | [8] | ||
611–619 | Anti-Sui rebellions | Sui dynasty | Peasants under several rebel leaders Defected military forces under several rebel generals, officials and nobles | Collapse of Sui dynasty; ascendancy of rebel leader Li Yuan after infighting among rebel forces | |||
841–843 | Stellinga Uprising | Saxon nobility Frankish military under Louis the German | Stellinga | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
859–860 | Rebellion of Ch'iu Fu | Tang dynasty | Chinese peasants and bandits under Ch'iu Fu | Suppression of the rebellion, though Tang dynasty is severely weakened | [9] | ||
874–878 | Rebellion of Wang Xianzhi | Tang dynasty | Chinese peasants and bandits under Wang Xianzhi and Shang Junzhang | Suppression of the rebellion, though Tang dynasty is severely weakened | [10] | ||
875–884 | Rebellion of Huang Chao | Tang dynasty | Chinese peasants and bandits under Huang Chao | Suppression of the rebellion, though Tang dynasty is severely weakened | [11] | ||
928–932 | Basil the Copper Hand Rebellions | Byzantine Empire | Peasants under Basil the Copper Hand | Suppression of the rebellion | [12] | ||
993–995 | Da Shu rebellion in Sichuan | Song dynasty | Peasants under Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun | Suppression of the rebellion | [13] | ||
996 | Peasants' revolt in Normandy | Normandy under Rodulf of Ivry and Richard II, Duke of Normandy | Norman peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [14] | ||
1277–1280 | Uprising of Ivaylo | Bulgarian nobility Byzantine Empire Golden Horde | Peasants under Ivaylo | Murder of Ivaylo | [15] | ||
1323–1328 | Peasant revolt in Flanders | Kingdom of France | Flemish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1343–1345 | St. George's Night Uprising | Teutonic Order Kingdom of Denmark | Estonian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [16] | ||
1351–1368 | Red Turban Rebellion | Yuan dynasty Goryeo | Red Turban Armies of White Lotus members, Manichaeans and Chinese peasants | Fall of Yuan dynasty and retreat of the Mongols into Mongolia as the Northern Yuan dynasty; ascendancy of rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang after infighting among rebel forces | |||
1358 | Jacquerie | Kingdom of France | French peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1381 | Peasants' Revolt | Kingdom of England | English peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1382 | Harelle | Kingdom of France | French peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [17] | ||
1401–1404, 1409 | Samogitian uprisings | Teutonic Order Švitrigaila's followers | Samogitian peasants Grand Duchy of Lithuania Kingdom of Poland | Goal of the rebellion largely achieved, though disputes over Samogitia continue until 1422 | |||
1428 | Shocho uprising | Ashikaga shogunate | Japanese peasants | Peasant debts cancelled. | |||
1437 | Transylvanian peasant revolt | Kingdom of Hungary | Transylvanian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1438 | Hallvard Graatops Revolt | Kalmar Union | Norwegian rebels | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1441 | Kakitsu uprising | Ashikaga shogunate | Do-ikki (leagues) of peasants and jizamurai | Peasant debts cancelled, Ashikaga shogunate is severely weakened. | [18] | ||
1441 | Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions | Kingdom of Denmark | Danish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1450 | Jack Cade Revolt | Kingdom of England | English peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [19] | ||
1450–1451 | John and William Merfold's Uprising | Kingdom of England | English peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [20] | ||
1453–1454 | Morea revolt of 1453–54 | Despotate of the Morea Ottoman Empire | Greek peasants under Manuel Kantakouzenos Albanians under Peter Bua Latin loyalists under John Asen Zaccaria | Suppression of the rebellion | [21] | ||
1462–1472, 1485–1486 | War of the Remences | Catalan constitutionalists and nobility (1462–1472) Crown of Aragon (1485–1486) | Catalan peasants Royalists under John II of Aragon (1462–1472) | Goal of the rebellion largely achieved, Sentència de Guadalupe signed | [22] | ||
1478 | Carinthian Peasant Revolt | Holy Roman Empire | Carinthian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [23] | ||
1482–1511 | Yamashiro-ikki uprisings | Ashikaga shogunate | Yamashiro peasant leagues Hatakeyama clan Hosokawa clan Ōuchi clan | Most ikki submit to the shogunate in 1493, though continue to retain autonomy until gradual dissolution of the movement | [24] | ||
1487–1488 | Kaga Rebellion | Togashi clan | Ikkō-ikkiMotoori clanYamagawa clan | Decisive victory for the Ikkō-ikki. | [25] | ||
1488–1582 | Ikkō-ikki Uprisings | Several major samurai clans (including Oda clan and Tokugawa clan) Nichiren sect Tendai sōhei Jōdo-shū sōhei | Ikkō-shū peasant and ji-samurai leagues Jōdo Shinshū sōhei Mōri clan Azai clan Asakura clan | Destruction of most militant Ikkō-shū leagues; Jōdo Shinshū sect and remaining Ikkō-ikki submit to Toyotomi Hideyoshi | [26] | ||
1498–1878 | Opryshky movement | Kingdom of Poland Holy Roman Empire | Ukrainian peasants | Suppression of the movement | |||
1511 | Friulian Revolt | Republic of Venice | Friulian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1514 | Poor Conrad Rebellion | Duchy of Württemberg | Württemberg peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [27] | ||
1514 | György Dózsa Rebellion | Kingdom of Hungary | Hungarian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [28] | ||
1515 | Slovene Peasant Revolt | Holy Roman Empire | Slovene peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [29] | ||
1515–1523 | Frisian peasant rebellion | Habsburg Netherlands | Arumer Zwarte Hoop Charles II, Duke of Guelders | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1516–1521 | Trần Cảo Rebellion | Lê dynasty | Vietnamese peasants under Trần Cảo and Trần Cung | Suppression of the rebellion, though Lê dynasty is severely weakened | [30] | ||
1524–1525 | German Peasants' War | Swabian League | German peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1524–1533 | Dalecarlian Rebellions | Sweden | Dalarna peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1525 | Palatine Peasants' War | Electoral Palatinate | Palatine peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1534 | Skipper Clement's Rebellion | Christian III Kingdom of Denmark | Danish Peasants under Skipper Clement Christian II | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1540 | Peasant's Rebellion in Telemark | Denmark–Norway | Norwegian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1542–1543 | Dacke War | Sweden | Småland peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [31] | ||
1549 | Kett's Rebellion | Kingdom of England | English peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1573 | Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt | Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Croatia | Slovene peasants Croatian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [32] | ||
1596–1597 | Cudgel War | Sweden | Finnish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [33] | ||
1606–1607 | Bolotnikov Rebellion | Tsardom of Russia | Russian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1626–1636 | Peasants' War in Upper Austria | Electorate of Bavaria | Austrian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [34] | ||
1630–1645 | Rebellion of Li Zicheng | Ming dynasty (1630–1644) Qing Dynasty (1644–1645) | Peasants under Li Zicheng, Gao Guiying and other generals of the Shun dynasty | Collapse of Ming dynasty, but suppression of the rebellion by Qing dynasty | |||
1630–1647 | Rebellion of Zhang Xianzhong | Ming dynasty (1630–1644) Qing Dynasty (1644–1647) | Peasants and bandits under Zhang Xianzhong | Collapse of Ming dynasty, but suppression of the rebellion by Qing dynasty | [35] | ||
1637–1638 | Shimabara Rebellion | Tokugawa shogunate Dutch Empire | Christian peasants and rōnin | Suppression of the rebellion | [36] | ||
1651 | Kostka-Napierski Uprising | Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth | Polish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [37] | ||
1652 | Guo Huaiyi Rebellion | Dutch East India Company Aboriginal Taiwanese | Chinese peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1653 | Swiss peasant war of 1653 | Republic of the Swiss | Swiss peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [38] | ||
1667–1671 | Stepan Razin Rebellion | Tsardom of Russia | Russian peasants Don Cossacks | Suppression of the rebellion | [39] | ||
1669–1670 | Peasant Rebellion in Podhale | Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth | Polish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [40] | ||
1704 | Kuridža's Rebellion | Republic of Venice | Orthodox peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1705–1706 | Bavarian People's Uprising | Habsburg Monarchy | Bavarian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1707–1708 | Bulavin Rebellion | Tsardom of Russia | Russian peasants Don Cossacks | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1730–1769 | Peasant revolts for the restoration of the Lê dynasty and land reforms | Trịnh lords Nguyễn lords | Vietnamese peasants Lê dynasty | Suppression of the rebellions and eventual collapse of Lê dynasty, but start of Tây Sơn Revolt | |||
1768–1769 | Koliyivshchyna | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Russian Empire | Haidamaka movement | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1769–1788 | Tây Sơn Revolt | Nguyễn lords (until 1776) Nguyễn Ánh's forces (since 1776) Trịnh lords (until 1786) Siam (in 1785) Lê dynasty (1786-1788) Qing Dynasty (1787-1788) | Tây Sơn dynasty | Goal of the rebellion achieved; reunification of Vietnam and introduction of land reforms under Tây Sơn dynasty | |||
1773–1775 | Pugachev's Rebellion | Russian Empire | Russian peasants Ural Cossacks Bashkirs | Suppression of the rebellion | [41] | ||
1784 | Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan | Austrian Empire | Romanian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [42] | ||
1786–1787 | Shays' Rebellion | United States | American farmers | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1790 | Saxon Peasants' Revolt | Saxony | Saxon peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [43] | ||
1793–1796 | War in the Vendée | French Republic | Catholic and Royal Army Chouan rebels Émigrés Great Britain | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1793–1804 | Chouannerie | French Republic | Chouan rebels Catholic and Royal Army Émigrés Great Britain | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1794 | Kościuszko Uprising | Russian Empire Kingdom of Prussia Polish loyalists | Polish nationalist nobility Polish peasants Polish Jacobins | Suppression of the rebellion | [44] | ||
1794–1804 | White Lotus Rebellion | Qing Dynasty | White Lotus rebels | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1798 | Peasants' War | French Republic | Low countries peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [45] | ||
1809 | Tyrolean Rebellion | French Empire Bavaria Saxony Napoleonic Italy | Tyrolean peasants Austria | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1809 | Gottscheer Rebellion | First French Empire | Gottschee German peasants Slovene peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1834–1835 | Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–35) | Egypt Eyalet | Arab peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [46] | ||
1846 | Galician slaughter | Austrian Empire | Polish peasants | De facto suppression of the rebellion, although it was sparked and extinguished by the Austrian authorities and eventually led to abolition of serfdom in Galicia and Lodomeria two years later. | [47] | ||
1850–1864 | Taiping Rebellion | Qing Dynasty | Taiping Heavenly Kingdom | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1858 | Mahtra War | Russia | Estonian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [48] | ||
1862 | Great Peasant Uprising of 1862 | Joseon Dynasty | Korean peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1884 | Chichibu Incident | Japan | Japanese peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1894–1895 | Donghak Peasant Revolution | Japan Joseon Dynasty | Korean peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1896–1897 | War of Canudos | First Brazilian Republic | Canudos inhabitants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1905–1908 | Maji Maji Rebellion | German East Africa | Matumbi people, Ngoni people, and other Tanganyikans | Suppression of the rebellion | [49] | ||
1907 | 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt | Kingdom of Romania | Romanian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1911 | Peasant rebellion in eastern Henan | Qing dynasty | Yellow Way Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [50][51] | ||
1913 | Peasant revolt in Northern Shaanxi | Republic of China | Chinese poppy farmers and bandits under a sect leader | Spread of the revolt; poppy plant eradication campaign stopped | [52] | ||
1914 | Peasant Revolt in Albania | Principality of Albania Catholic Militia | Muslim peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1916 | Urkun | Russian Empire | Kyrgyz and Kazakh peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [53] | ||
1917 | October Revolution | Russia | Russian peasants and workers | Beginning of the Russian Civil War | |||
1918 | Arsk Uprising | Russian SFSR | Tatar peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1919–1922 | Rebellion of "Chu the Ninth" (Ming pretender) | Republic of China | Yellow Way Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [54] | ||
1920 | Pitchfork uprising | Russian SFSR | "Black Eagle" rebels | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1920–1921 | Tambov Rebellion | Russian SFSR | Green armies | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1921 | Peasant Rebellion of Sorokino | Russian SFSR | Russian peasants and White Army veterans | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1921 | Malabar rebellion | India | Indian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [55] | ||
1924 | Rebellion of "Wang the Sixth" (Ming pretender) | Republic of China | Wang's followers | Suppression of the rebellion | [54] | ||
1925 | Rebellion of Chu Hung-teng (Ming pretender) | Republic of China | Heavenly Gate Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [56] | ||
1927 | Autumn Harvest Uprising | Republic of China | Hunan Soviet | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1928–1929 | Red Spears' uprising in Shandong | Republic of China | Red Spear Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [57] | ||
1932 | Salvadoran peasant massacre | El Salvador | Salvadoran peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1932 | Lesko uprising | Poland | Polish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [58] | ||
1932 | Peasant uprising against poppy-tax collection in Su County | Republic of China Kuomintang members and allied gentry | Chinese poppy farmers and gentry under Wang Xiaobai and Ma Fengshan | Suppression of the rebellion | [59] | ||
1932 | Peasant uprising against poppy-tax collection in Lingbi County | Republic of China | Chinese poppy farmers under Tian Xuemin | Goal of the rebellion achieved | [60] | ||
1936 | Miyun District rebellion | East Hebei Autonomous Council Empire of Japan | Yellow Sand Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [61][62] | ||
1944 | Peasant revolt in Beichuan County | Republic of China | Chinese poppy farmers of Xiaoyuan and Houyuan | Goal of the rebellion achieved | [63] | ||
1946–1951 | Tebhaga movement | Bengal landlords | Bengal peasants (All India Kisan Sabha) Communist Party of India | Goal of the rebellion partially achieved | [64] | ||
1946–1951 | Telangana Rebellion | Razakars Hyderabad landlords Hyderabad State | Hyderabad peasants (Andhra Mahasabha) Communist Party of India | Goal of the rebellion achieved | [65] | ||
1947-1954 | Hukbalahap Rebellion | Philippines | Filipino peasants (Hukbalahap) | Suppression of the rebellion | [66] | ||
1950 | Cazin rebellion | Yugoslavia | Yugoslavian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [67] | ||
1952–1960 | Mau Mau Uprising | British Kenya | Kikuyu farmhanders | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1959–1965 | Escambray Rebellion | Cuba | Cuban peasants Batista loyalists DRE United States | Suppression of the rebellion | |||
1968–1969 | Agbekoya | Nigeria | Yoruba peasants | Goal of the rebellion achieved | |||
1970s | 1970s peasant revolts in Thailand | Thailand | Thai peasants | Peasant leaders assassinated | |||
1975–1991 | Uprisings in Tigray and Eritrea; part of the Ethiopian Civil War | Ethiopia | Tigrayan and Eritrean peasants | Derg overthrown; Eritrean independence | [68] | ||
1994 | Zapatista uprising | Mexico | Mexican indigenous peasants | Ceasefire |
See also
- Roman Servile Wars
- Peasant movement
- Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe
- Maoism
References
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