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It has been suggested that SMART home technology be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2019.

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Home automation or domotics^[1] is building automation for a home, called a smart home or smart house. A home automation system will control lighting, climate, entertainment systems, and appliances. It may also include home security such as access control and alarm systems.^[2] When connected with the Internet, home devices are an important constituent of the Internet of Things.

A home automation system typically connects controlled devices to a central hub or "gateway"^[3]. The user interface for control of the system uses either wall-mounted terminals, tablet or desktop computers, a mobile phone application, or a Web interface, that may also be accessible off-site through the Internet.

While there are many competing vendors, there are very few worldwide accepted industry standards and the smart home space is heavily fragmented.^[4] Manufacturers often prevent independent implementations by withholding documentation and by litigation.^[5]

The home automation market was worth US$5.77 billion in 2013, predicted to reach a market value of US$12.81 billion by the year 2020.^[6]

History

Early home automation began with labour-saving machines. Self-contained electric or gas powered home appliances became viable in the 1900s with the introduction of electric power distribution^[7] and led to the introduction of washing machines (1904), water heaters (1889), refrigerators, sewing machines, dishwashers, and clothes dryers.

In 1975, the first general purpose home automation network technology, X10, was developed. It is a communication protocol for electronic devices. It primarily uses electric power transmission wiring for signalling and control, where the signals involve brief radio frequency bursts of digital data, and remains the most widely available.^[8] By 1978, X10 products included a 16 channel command console, a lamp module, and an appliance module. Soon after came the wall switch module and the first X10 timer.

By 2012, in the United States, according to ABI Research, 1.5 million home automation systems were installed.^[9].
As per research firm Statista ^[10] more than 45 million smart home devices will be installed in U.S. homes by the end of the year 2018^[11].

According to Li et al. (2016) there are three generations of home automation:^[12]

1. First generation: wireless technology with proxy server, e.g. ZigBee automation;


2. Second generation: artificial intelligence controls electrical devices, e.g. Amazon Echo;


3. Third generation: robot buddy who interacts with humans, e.g. Robot Rovio, Roomba.

The word "domotics" (and "domotica" when used as a verb) is a contraction of the Latin word for a home (domus) and the word robotics.^[1]

Applications and technologies

• 
  Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC): it is possible to have remote control of all home energy monitors over the internet incorporating a simple and friendly user interface.^[13][14]
  


• 
  Lighting control system: a "smart" network that incorporates communication between various lighting system inputs and outputs, using one or more central computing devices.


• Occupancy-aware control system: it is possible to sense the occupancy of the home using smart meters^[15] and environmental sensors like CO₂ sensors,^[16] which can be integrated into the building automation system to trigger automatic responses for energy efficiency and building comfort applications.


• Appliance control and integration with the smart grid and a smart meter, taking advantage, for instance, of high solar panel output in the middle of the day to run washing machines.^[17][18]
  


• Home robots and security: a household security system integrated with a home automation system can provide additional services such as remote surveillance of security cameras over the Internet, or access control and central locking of all perimeter doors and windows.^[19]
  


• Leak detection, smoke and CO detectors^[20][21]
  


• 
  Indoor positioning systems (IPS).


• Home automation for the elderly and disabled


• Pet and Baby Care, for example tracking the pets and babies' movements and controlling pet access rights^[22]
  


• Air quality control. For example, Air Quality Egg is used by people at home to monitor the air quality and pollution level in the city and create a pollution map^[23]
  


• Smart Kitchen and Connected Cooking. Using Voice control devices like Amazon Alexa, Google Home or mobile applications to manage coffee machines, ovens, fridge and multi cooker, as Instant Pot or robotic kitchen
  

Implementations

Internet enabled cat feeder

In a review of home automation devices, Consumer Reports found two main concerns for consumers:^[24]

• A Wi-Fi network connected to the internet can be vulnerable to hacking.


• Technology is still in its infancy, and consumers could invest in a system that becomes abandonware. In 2014, Google bought the company selling the Revolv Hub home automation system, integrated it with Nest and in 2016 shut down the servers Revolv Hub depended on, rendering the hardware useless.^[25]
  

Microsoft Research found in 2011, that home automation could involve high cost of ownership, inflexibility of interconnected devices, and poor manageability.^[26]

Historically systems have been sold as complete systems where the consumer relies on one vendor for the entire system including the hardware, the communications protocol, the central hub, and the user interface. However, there are now open hardware and open source software systems which can be used instead of or with proprietary hardware.^[26]

Criticism and controversies

Home automation suffers from platform fragmentation and lack of technical standards^{[27][28][29][30][31][32]} a situation where the variety of home automation devices, in terms of both hardware variations and differences in the software running on them, makes the task of developing applications that work consistently between different inconsistent technology ecosystems hard.^[33] Customers may hesitate to bet their IoT future on proprietary software or hardware devices that use proprietary protocols that may fade or become difficult to customize and interconnect.^[34]

The nature of home automation devices can also be a problem for security, since patches to bugs found in the core operating system often do not reach users of older and lower-price devices.^[35][36] One set of researchers say that the failure of vendors to support older devices with patches and updates leaves more than 87% of active devices vulnerable.^[37][38]

Gallery

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  Domestic patch panel, unstructured.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Well and booster pump automation
  

  
  

  
  

See also

• Home automation companies


• List of home automation software and hardware


• List of home automation topics


• Home automation for the elderly and disabled


• Home network


• Home robot


• Indoor positioning


• Internet of Things


• List of network buses


• 
  Mobile manipulator and Mobile robot
  


• 
  Smart device and smart speaker
  


• Web of Things

References