Mangrove swamp
Mangroves in Kannur, India.
A mangrove swamp is a distinct saline woodland or shrubland habitat formed by mangrove trees. They are characterized by depositional coastal environments, where fine sediments (often with high organic content) collect in areas protected from high-energy wave action. The saline conditions tolerated by various mangrove species range from brackish water, through pure seawater (3 to 4%), to water concentrated by evaporation to over twice the salinity of ocean seawater (up to 9%).[1]
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Contents
1 Birds sanctuaries
2 Natural coastal protection
3 See also
4 Notes
last updated 1989
Birds sanctuaries
Mangrove swamps are home and sanctuaries for thousands of aquatic bird species, including:
- Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary
- Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary
- Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary
- Pichavaram
- Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary
- Sundarbans National Park
Natural coastal protection
Mangrove swamps protect coastal areas from erosion, storm surge (especially during hurricanes), and tsunamis.[2][3] The mangroves' massive root systems are efficient at dissipating wave energy.[4] Likewise, they slow down tidal water enough so its sediment is deposited as the tide comes in, leaving all except fine particles when the tide ebbs.[5] In this way, mangroves build their own environments.[2] Because of the uniqueness of mangrove ecosystems and the protection against erosion they provide, they are often the object of conservation programs, including national biodiversity action plans.[3]
The protective value of mangrove swamps is sometimes overstated. Wave energy is typically low in areas where mangroves grow,[6] so their effect on erosion can only be measured over long periods.[4] Their capacity to limit high-energy wave erosion is limited to events such as storm surges and tsunamis.[7] Erosion often occurs on the outer sides of bends in river channels that wind through mangroves, while new stands of mangroves are appearing on the inner sides where sediment is accruing.[citation needed]
See also
- Mangrove restoration
- Biome
- Muthupet
Notes
^ "Morphological and Physiological Adaptations: Florida mangrove website". Nhmi.org. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2012-02-08..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ ab Mazda, Y.; Kobashi, D.; Okada, S. (2005). "Tidal-Scale Hydrodynamics within Mangrove Swamps". Wetlands Ecology and Management. 13 (6): 647–655. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.522.5345. doi:10.1007/s11273-005-0613-4.
^ ab Danielsen, F.; et al. (2005). "The Asian tsunami: a protective role for coastal vegetation". Science. 310 (5748): 643. doi:10.1126/science.1118387. PMID 16254180.
^ ab Massel, S. R.; Furukawa, K.; Brinkman, R. M. (1999). "Surface wave propagation in mangrove forests". Fluid Dynamics Research. 24 (4): 219–249. Bibcode:1999FlDyR..24..219M. doi:10.1016/s0169-5983(98)00024-0.
^ Mazda, Yoshihiro; et al. (1997). "Drag force due to vegetation in mangrove swamps". Mangroves and Salt Marshes. 1 (3): 193–199. doi:10.1023/A:1009949411068.
^ Baird, Andrew (26 December 2006) "False Hopes and Natural Disasters" New York Times editorial
^ Dahdouh-Guebas, F.; et al. (2005). "How effective were mangroves as a defence against the recent tsunami?". Current Biology. 15 (12): 443–447. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.008. PMID 15964259.
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