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Johnson Island Civil War Prison and Fort Site
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
The cemetery at Johnson's Island
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Location	Johnson's Island, Marblehead, Ottawa County, Ohio, United States
Coordinates	41°29′47″N 82°43′55″W / 41.4964°N 82.7319°W / 41.4964; -82.7319 (Johnson Island Civil War Prison and Fort Site)
Built	1862
Architect	Hoffman, Col. William H.; Et al.
NRHP reference #	75001514[2]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	March 27, 1975
Designated NHL	June 21, 1990[1]

Johnson's Island Prison
Part of American Civil War prison camps
Johnson's Island, Marblehead, Ottawa County, Ohio, United States
Johnson's Island Prison barracks enclosed by a stockade in 1865
Type	Union Prison Camp
Site information
Owner	L. B. Johnson, U.S. Government
Controlled by	Union Army
Site history
In use	1862–1865
Demolished	1865
Battles/wars	American Civil War
Garrison information
Occupants	Union soldiers, Confederate officer prisoners of war

Johnson's Island is a 300-acre (120 ha) island in Sandusky Bay, located on the coast of Lake Erie, 3 miles (4.8 km) from the city of Sandusky, Ohio. It was the site of a prisoner-of-war camp for Confederate officers captured during the American Civil War. Initially, Johnson's Island was the only Union prison exclusively for Confederate officers^[3] but eventually held privates, political prisoners, persons sentenced to court martial and spies.^[4] Civilians who were arrested as guerrillas, or bushwhackers, were also imprisoned on the island.^[5] During its three years of operation, more than 15,000 men were incarcerated there.

The island is named after L. B. Johnson,^[6] the owner of the island beginning about 1852. It was originally named 'Bull's Island' by its first owner, Epaphras* W. Bull, about 1809. [*- later misspelled "Epaproditus" Bull, by local-historians.^[7]]

Civil War years

In late 1861, Federal officials selected Johnson's Island as the site for a prisoner of war camp to hold up to 2,500 captured Confederate officers. The island offered easy access by ship for supplies to construct and maintain a prison and its population. Sandusky Bay offered more protection from the elements than on other nearby islands, which were also closer to Canada in the event of a prison break. Woods of hickory and oak trees could provide lumber and fuel. The U.S. government leased half the island from private owner Leonard B. Johnson for $500 a year, and for the duration of the war carefully controlled access to the island.

The 16.5-acre (6.7 ha) prison opened in April 1862. A 15-foot-high (5 m) wooden stockade surrounded 12 two-story prisoner housing barracks, a hospital, latrines, sutler’s stand, three wells, a pest house, and two large mess halls (added in August 1864). More than 40 buildings stood outside the prison walls, including barns, stables, a limekiln, forts, barracks for officers, and a powder magazine. They were used by the 128th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, which guarded the prison.

Among the prominent Confederate generals imprisoned on Johnson's Island were Isaac R. Trimble and James J. Archer (both captured at the Battle of Gettysburg), William Beall, Thomas Benton Smith, Edward "Allegheny" Johnson and Missouri cavalrymen M. Jeff Thompson and John S. Marmaduke, William Lewis Cabell later Mayor of Dallas and Lieutenant Christopher Columbus Nash, later the sheriff of Grant Parish, Louisiana, who directed the Colfax riot in 1873, was also imprisoned at Johnson's Island.^[8]

The prisoners had a lively community, with amateur theatrical performances, publishing, and crafts projects available.^[9]

After the unraveling of a Confederate espionage ring which had been plotting the seizure of the Great Lakes warship USS Michigan and a mass breakout of prisoners, Forts Johnson and Hill were constructed over the winter of 1864–65. They were not operational until March 1865, in the war's final months, when the prisoner population peaked at 3,200. More than 15,000 men passed through Johnson's Island until it was closed in September 1865. Wardens lost only about 200 prisoners as a result of the harsh Ohio winters, food and fuel shortages, and disease. Johnson's Island had one of the lowest mortality rates of any Civil War prison. Confederates made many escape attempts, including efforts by some to walk across the frozen Lake Erie to freedom in Canada. A handful of escapes were successful.

Postbellum

After the war, the prison camp was abandoned. Most of the buildings were auctioned off by the Army, and some were razed after falling into disrepair. The last antebellum house burned down by accident in 1901.^[10] About 1894, a summer resort was established at the eastern end of the island, but its pavilion burned in 1897 and, although the pavilion was later rebuilt, the resort failed. The land was used for farming and rock quarrying. Many lakeside homes have since been built, and the island is now quite developed with two subdivisions. As a result of this development, most of the Civil War-related sites have been razed.

On June 8, 1910 Moses Ezekiel's statue Southern (or the Lookout), a monument to the Confederate prisoners held on the island, was unveiled.^[11]

In 1990 Johnson's Island was designated a National Historic Landmark. A causeway was built to connect it with the mainland. The Confederate cemetery, as well as Fort Hill in the interior of the island, are accessible to the public. Ground-penetrating radar studies have proved that several graves lie outside its fence. Heidelberg University conducts yearly archeology digs at the prison site.^[12]

The Friends and Descendants of Johnson's Island Civil War Prison was formed in 2001 to help in the preservation, interpretation, and education of the Johnson's Island Prison site. In conjunction with Heidelberg University, the Friends have sponsored educational and research programming at this National Historic Landmark.

Notable inmates

• 
  Isaac R. Trimble (1802–1888), United States Army officer, a civil engineer, a prominent railroad construction superintendent and executive, and Confederate general.


• 
  James J. Archer (1817–1864), lawyer, United States Army officer during the Mexican–American War, and Confederate brigadier general.


• 
  William Beall (1825–1883), Confederate brigadier general.


• 
  Thomas Benton Smith (1838–1923), Confederate brigadier general.


• 
  Edward "Allegheny" Johnson (1816–1873), United States Army officer and Confederate general.


• 
  M. Jeff Thompson (1826–1876), Confederate brigadier general in the Missouri State Guard in the American Civil War and Confederate cavalry officer.


• 
  John S. Marmaduke (1833–1887), 25th Governor of Missouri and Confederate general.


• 
  William Lewis Cabell (1827–1911), Confederate brigadier general and a Mayor of Dallas, Texas.


• 
  Christopher Columbus Nash (1838–1922), Confederate soldier, merchant, sheriff in Grant Parish, Louisiana.


• 
  John Marshall Stone (1830–1900), Governor of Mississippi, 1876–1882 and 1890–1896 and Confederate soldier.


• 
  James Steptoe Johnston (1843–1924), Confederate soldier, preacher, Bishop of West Texas (Episcopal Church), and educator.

See also

• List of Civil War POW Prisons and Camps


• Prisoner of war mail


• Davids' Island

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Johnson's Island.

• Friends and Descendants of Johnson's Island


• 
  Johnson's Island Memorial Project Broken Link.


• 
  Johnson's Island Preservation Society – includes Johnson's Island Museum


• Roy Swartz's Johnson's Island Page


• 
  Historic American Landscapes Survey (HALS) No. OH-1, "Confederate Stockade Cemetery, Johnson's Island, Sandusky, Erie County, OH"


• Johnson's Island Prison Collector Community

Coordinates: 41°29′47″N 82°44′05″W / 41.4963°N 82.7346°W / 41.4963; -82.7346