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A large suburban home valued at roughly $1,000,000 (2006) in Salinas, California, shown for scale of purchasing power

A millionaire is an individual whose net worth or wealth is equal to or exceeds one million units of currency. It can also be a person who owns one million units of currency in a bank account or savings account. Depending on the currency, a certain level of prestige is associated with being a millionaire, which makes that amount of wealth a goal for some and almost unattainable for others.^[1] In countries that use the short scale number naming system, a billionaire is someone who has at least a thousand times a million dollars, euros or the currency of the given country.

Many national currencies have, or have had at various times, a low unit value, in many cases due to past inflation. It is obviously much easier and less significant to be a millionaire in those currencies, thus a millionaire (in the local currency) in Hong Kong or Taiwan, for example, may be merely averagely wealthy, or perhaps less wealthy than average. A millionaire in Zimbabwe in 2007 could have been extremely poor.^[2]

At the end of 2017, there were estimated to be just over 15 million US$ millionaires or high-net-worth individual (HNWIs) in the world. The United States had the highest number of HNWIs (5,047,000) of any country, while New York City had the most HNWIs (393,500) among cities.^[3][4][5]

Terminology

The word was first used (as millionnaire, double "n") in French in 1719 and is first recorded in English (millionaire, as a French term) in a letter of Lord Byron of 1816, then in print in Vivian Grey, a novel of 1826 by Benjamin Disraeli.^[6] An earlier English word "millionary" was used in 1786 by Thomas Jefferson while serving as Minister to France; he wrote: "The poorest labourer stood on equal ground with the wealthiest Millionary".^[7] The first American printed use of the word is thought to be in an obituary of New York tobacco manufacturer Pierre Lorillard II in 1843.^[8]

While statistics regarding financial assets and net worth are presented by household, the term is also often used to describe only the individual who has amassed the assets as millionaire. That is, even though the term statistically refers only to households, common usage is often in reference only to an individual.

Net worth vs. financial assets

There are multiple approaches to determining a person's status as a millionaire. One of the two most commonly used measurements is net worth, which counts the total value of all property owned by a household minus the household's debts. According to this definition, a household owning an $800k home, $50k of furnishings, two cars worth $60k, a $60k retirement savings account, $45k in mutual funds, and a $325k vacation home with a $250k mortgage, $40k in car loans, and $25k in credit card debt would be worth about $1,025,000; and every individual in this household would thus be a millionaire. However, according to the net financial assets measurement used for some specific applications (such as evaluating an investor's expected tolerance for risk for stockbroker ethics), equity in one's principal residence is excluded, as are lifestyle assets, such as the car and furniture. Therefore, the above example household would only have net financial assets of $105,000. Another term used is "net investable assets" or working capital. These practitioners may use the term "millionaire" to mean somebody who is free to invest a million units of currency through them as broker. For similar reasons, those who market goods, services and investments to HNWIs are careful to specify a net worth "not counting principal residence". At the end of 2011, there were around 5.1 million HNWIs in the United States,^[9] while at the same time there were 11 million millionaires^[10] in a total of 3.5 million millionaire households,^[11] including those 5.1 million HNWIs.

In the real estate bubble up to 2007, average house prices in some U.S. regions exceeded $1 million, but many homeowners owed large amounts to banks holding mortgages on their homes. For this reason, there are many people in million-dollar homes whose net worth is far short of a million—in some cases the net worth is actually negative.

Influence

While millionaires constitute only a small percentage of the population, they hold substantial control over economic resources, with the most powerful and prominent individuals usually ranking among them. The total amount of money held by millionaires can equal the amount of money held by a far higher number of poor people. The Gini coefficient, and other measures in economics, estimated for each country, are useful for determining how many of the poorest people have the equivalent total wealth of the few richest in the country. Forbes and Fortune magazines maintain lists of people based on their net worth and are generally considered authorities on the subject. Forbes listed 1,645 dollar billionaires in 2014, with an aggregate net worth of $6.4 trillion, an increase from $5.4 trillion the previous year.^[12] (see US-dollar billionaires in the world).

Sixteen percent of millionaires inherited their fortunes. Forty-seven percent of millionaires are business owners. Twenty-three percent of the world's millionaires got that way through paid work, consisting mostly of skilled professionals or managers.^[13] Millionaires are, on average, 61 years old with $3.05 million in assets.^[14]

Historical worth

Depending on how it is calculated, a million US dollars in 1900 is equivalent to $30.1 million (in 2018).^[15]

• $21.2 million using the GDP deflator,


• $24.8 million using the consumer price index,


• $61.4 million using the gold price^[16]
  


• $114.1 million using the unskilled wage,


• $162.8 million using the nominal GDP per capita,


• $642 million using the relative share of GDP,

Thus one would need to have almost thirty million dollars today to have the purchasing power of a US millionaire in 1900, or more than 100 million dollars to have the same impact on the US economy.

Multimillionaire

Another commonly used term is multimillionaire which usually refers to individuals with net assets of 10 million or more of a currency. There are approximately 584,000 US$ multimillionaires worldwide in 2017^[17]. Roughly 1.5% of US$ millionaires can also correctly be identified as ultra-high-net-worth individuals (ultra-HNWIs), those with a net worth or wealth of $30 million or more. There are approximately 226,000 US$ ultra-HNWIs in the world in 2017, according to Wealth-X.^[18]

The rising prevalence of people possessing ever increasing quantities of wealth has given rise to additional terms to further differentiate millionaires. Individuals with net assets of 100 million or more of a currency have been termed hectomillionaires.^[19] The term centimillionaire has become synonymous with hectomillionaire in America, despite the centi- prefix meaning the one hundredth of a whole, not 100, in the metric system.^[20] Offshoots of the term include pent-hectomillionaire, referring to those who are halfway to becoming billionaires.^[21] In discussions on wealth inequality in the United States, hectomillionaires are said to be in the richest 0.01%, prompting calls for a redistribution of wealth.^[22]

HNWI population

Number of millionaires and ultra-millionaires (more than $30M)

High Net Worth Individuals.

Global cities with the most super wealthy millionaires per capita (higher than $30 million)

According to wealth research group Wealth-X that released its latest UHNW Cities report, showing the residential footprint of the world’s top ultra-high net worth (UHNW) individual cities.

Excluding Monaco – which has very high UHNWI density – Geneva has the highest density of super wealthy people per capita in the world. The city is known as the most compact metropolitan area, and also enjoys a concentration of affluence. Singapore has the second highest concentration, followed by San Jose, the center of Silicon Valley, and the largest city in Northern California.
While New York leads in terms of overall UHNW footprint, London has a similar number of UHNW "second homers" despite a considerably smaller population. Paris, perhaps surprisingly, features as the highest European city after London, Wealth-X said.
Among suburbs and smaller towns, Beverly Hills has the highest overall number of UHNW residents, and Aspen has the highest concentration on a per capita basis, the report showed.
Ultra-high net worth individuals are defined by Wealth-X as those whose total net worth is higher than $30 million (R400 million).^[24] Fig below illustrates Cities with The highest millionaire density worldwide (higher than 1$ million) .

Number of millionaires per country by Credit Suisse

Credit Suisse's "Global Wealth in 2018" measured the number of millionaires in the world. According to the report, the US has 17.3 million millionaires, highest in the world.^[25]

Rank	Country	Number of Millionaires	% of world total
1	United States	17,350,000	41%
2	China	3,480,000	8%
3	Japan	2,809,000	7%
4	United Kingdom	2,433,000	6%
5	Germany	2,183,000	5%
6	France	2,147,000	5%
7	Italy	1,362,000	3%
8	Canada	1,289,000	3%
9	Australia	1,288,000	3%
10	Spain	852,000	2%
11	South Korea	754,000	2%
12	Switzerland	725,000	2%
13	Taiwan	521,000	1%
14	Netherlands	477,000	1%
15	Belgium	424,000	1%

Number of millionaires per country by various sources

Rank	Country	Number of Millionaires	Source
	India	343,000	[26]
	UAE	55,700	[27]
	Finland	50,000	[28]
	Bangladesh	45,000	[29]
	South Africa	43,600	[30]
	Pakistan	19,200	[31]
	Egypt	18,000	[32]
	Nigeria	15,400	[33]
	Bangladesh	10,600	[34]

Number of millionaire households per country by Boston Consulting Group

The following is a list of the countries with the most millionaire households in U.S. dollars worldwide according to the Boston Consulting Group's 2017 study.^[35][36]

Rank	Country	Number of US$ millionaire households
1	United States	7,085,000
2	China	2,124,000
3	Japan	1,244,000
4	United Kingdom	821,000
5	Canada	485,000
6	Germany	473,000
7	Switzerland	466,000
8	France	439,000
9	Taiwan	370,000
10	Italy	307,000
11	Australia	263,000
12	Belgium	240,000
13	Saudi Arabia	236,000
14	Hong Kong	228,000
15	Netherlands	206,000

Number of millionaires per city

The following is a list of the cities with the most US$ millionaires. ^[37][5][38]

Rank	City	Number of US$ millionaires (2018)
1	London	357,200
2	New York City	339,200
3	Tokyo	279,800
4	Hong Kong	250,700
5	Singapore	239,000
6	San Francisco	220,000
7	Los Angeles	199,300
8	Chicago	150,200
9	Beijing	149,000
10	Shanghai	145,800
11	Frankfurt [39]	128,300
12	Osaka	117,700
13	Paris	110,900
14	Toronto	109,300
15	Zurich	109,200
16	Seoul	108,100
17	Geneva	104,300
18	Mexico City	86,700
19	Munich	78,900
20	Mumbai	48,100
21	Istanbul[40]	27,300
22	Johannesburg	18,200
23	Cairo	8,900
24	Cape Town	8,200
25	Lagos	6,800
26	Nairobi	6,800
27	Casablanca	2,300
28	Alexandria	1,800

United States

There is a wide disparity in the estimates of the number of millionaires residing in the United States.
A quarterly report prepared by the Economist Intelligence Unit on behalf of Barclays Wealth in 2007 estimated that there were 16.6 million millionaires in the USA.^[41] At the end of 2011, there were around 5.1 million HNWIs in the US,^[9] while at the same time, there were 11 million millionaires^[10] in a total of 3.5 million millionaire households,^[11] including those 5.1 million HNWIs.

According to TNS Financial Services, as reported by CNN Money, 2 million households in the US alone had a net worth of at least $1 million excluding primary residences in 2005.^[42] According to TNS, in mid-2006 the number of millionaire US households was 9.3 million, with an increase of half a million since 2005.^[43] The study found that half of all millionaire households in the US were headed by retirees. In 2004 the United States saw a "33 percent increase over the 6.2 million households that met that criteria [sic] in 2003", fueled largely by the country's real estate boom.^[44]

A report by Capgemini for Merrill Lynch on the other hand stated that in 2007 there were approximately 3,028,000 households in the United States who held at least US$1 million in financial assets, excluding collectibles, consumables, consumer durables and primary residences.^[45]

According to TNS Financial Services, Los Angeles County, California had the highest number of millionaires,^[46] totalling over 262,800 households in mid-2006.^[43]

See also

Look up millionaire in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Aggregate demand


• Billionaire


• Business oligarch


• Distribution of wealth


• High-net-worth individual


• Upper middle class


• Upper class


• Six figure income


• Wealth concentration


• 
  Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (game show)


• 
  The Millionaire Next Door (book)


• Moscow Millionaire Fair


• 
  Pierre Lorillard II (first American to be designated a "millionaire")


• List of African millionaires


• Lists of billionaires


• Sunday Times Rich List

References