Hebei






Province




































































































Hebei Province
.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}
河北省

Province
Name transcription(s)
 • 
Chinese

河北省 (Héběi Shěng)
 • 
Abbreviation
HE / HEB / (pinyin: )

Map showing the location of Hebei Province
Map showing the location of Hebei Province

Coordinates: 39°18′N 116°42′E / 39.3°N 116.7°E / 39.3; 116.7Coordinates: 39°18′N 116°42′E / 39.3°N 116.7°E / 39.3; 116.7
Named for
—"(Yellow) River"
běi—"north"
"north of the Yellow River"
Capital
Baoding (1928-58, 1966)

Tianjin (1911-28, 1958-65)


Shijiazhuang (1967-present)
Largest city Shijiazhuang
Divisions
12 prefectures, 172 counties, 2207 townships
Government
 • Secretary
Wang Dongfeng
 • Governor Xu Qin
Area
 • Total 188,800 km2 (72,900 sq mi)
Area rank 12th
Highest elevation (Mount Xiaowutai[1])
2,882 m (9,455 ft)
Population (2016)[2]
 • Total 74,700,500
 • Rank 6th
 • Density 400/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
 • Density rank 11th
Demographics
 • Ethnic composition
Han: 96%
Manchu: 3%
Hui: 0.8%
Mongol: 0.3%
 • Languages and dialects
Jilu Mandarin, Beijing Mandarin, Jin
ISO 3166 code CN-HE

GDP
(2017 [3])

CNY 3.60 trillion
USD 532.66 billion (8th)
 • per capita
CNY 47,985
USD 7,107 (18th)

HDI
(2010)
0.691[4] (medium) (16th)
Website
www.hebei.gov.cn
(Simplified Chinese)
english.hebei.gov.cn (English)







































Hebei

Hebei (Chinese characters).svg
"Hebei" in Chinese characters

Chinese 河北
Postal Hopeh
Literal meaning "North of the (Yellow) River"



















































Abbreviation
Chinese
Literal meaning [an ancient province in modern southern Hebei]

































Zhili Province
Traditional Chinese 直隸省
Simplified Chinese 直隶省









Hebei (About this sound 河北; formerly romanised as Hopeh) is a province of China in the North China region. The modern province was established in 1911 as Zhili Province or Chihli Province. Its one-character abbreviation is "" (Jì), named after Ji Province, a Han dynasty province (zhou) that included what is now southern Hebei. The name Hebei literally means "north of the river",[5] referring to its location entirely to the north of the Yellow River.[6]


The modern province "Chili Province" was formed in 1911 after the central government dissolved the central governed area of "Chihli", which means "Directly Ruled[7] (by the Imperial Court)" until it was renamed as "Hebei" in 1928.


Beijing and Tianjin Municipalities, which border each other, were carved out of Hebei. The province borders Liaoning to the northeast, Inner Mongolia to the north, Shanxi to the west, Henan to the south, and Shandong to the southeast. Bohai Bay of the Yellow Sea is to the east. A small part of Hebei, Sanhe Exclave, consisting of Sanhe, Dachang Hui Autonomous County, and Xianghe County, an exclave disjointed from the rest of the province, is wedged between the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin.


A common alternate name for Hebei is Yānzhào (燕趙), after the state of Yan and state of Zhao that existed here during the Warring States period of early Chinese history.




Contents






  • 1 History


  • 2 Geography


    • 2.1 Climate




  • 3 Administrative divisions


    • 3.1 Urban areas




  • 4 Politics


  • 5 Economy


    • 5.1 Economic and technological development zones




  • 6 Demographics


    • 6.1 Religion




  • 7 Culture


  • 8 Notable individuals


  • 9 Media


  • 10 Transportation


  • 11 Tourism


  • 12 Sports


  • 13 Education


  • 14 See also


  • 15 Notes


  • 16 References


    • 16.1 Citations


    • 16.2 Sources




  • 17 External links





History


Plains in Hebei were the home of Peking man, a group of Homo erectus that lived in the area around 200,000 to 700,000 years ago. Neolithic findings at the prehistoric Beifudi site date back to 7000 and 8000 BC.[8]


During the Spring and Autumn period (722 BC – 476 BC), Hebei was under the rule of the states of Yan in the north and Jin in the south. Also during this period, a nomadic people known as Dí invaded the plains of northern China and established Zhongshan in central Hebei. During the Warring States period (403 BC–221 BC), Jin was partitioned, and much of its territory within Hebei went to Zhao.


The Qin dynasty unified China in 221 BC. The Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 220) ruled the area under two provinces (zhou), You Prefecture in the north and Ji Province in the south. At the end of the Han dynasty, most of Hebei came under the control of warlords Gongsun Zan in the north and Yuan Shao further south; Yuan Shao emerged victorious of the two, but he was soon defeated by rival Cao Cao (based further south, in modern-day Henan) in the Battle of Guandu in 200. Hebei then came under the rule of the Kingdom of Wei (one of the Three Kingdoms), established by the descendants of Cao Cao.




1500-year-old Iron Lion of Cangzhou


After the invasions of northern nomadic peoples at the end of the Western Jin dynasty, the chaos of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern dynasties ensued. Hebei, firmly in North China and right at the northern frontier, changed hands many times, being controlled at various points in history by the Later Zhao, Former Yan, Former Qin, and Later Yan. The Northern Wei reunified northern China in 440, but split in half in 534, with Hebei coming under the eastern half (first the Eastern Wei; then the Northern Qi), which had its capital at Ye (), near modern Linzhang, Hebei. The Sui dynasty again unified China in 589.




Tricolor Duck-Shaped Cup, Tang Dynasty, unearthed from Anxin County


During the Tang dynasty (618–907), the area was formally designated "Hebei" (north of the Yellow River) for the first time. During the earlier part of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Hebei was fragmented among several regimes, though it was eventually unified by Li Cunxu, who established the Later Tang (923–936). The next dynasty, the Later Jin under Shi Jingtang, posthumously known as Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin, ceded much of modern-day northern Hebei to the Khitan Liao dynasty in the north; this territory, called the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun, became a major weakness in the Chinese defense against the Khitans for the next century, since it lay within the Great Wall.


During the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127), the sixteen ceded prefectures continued to be an area of hot contention between Song China and the Liao dynasty. The Southern Song dynasty that came after abandoned all of North China, including Hebei, to the Jurchen Jin dynasty after the Jingkang Incident in 1127 of the Jin–Song wars.




The Putuo Zongcheng Temple of Chengde, Hebei, built in 1771 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.




Saihanba National Park in Inner Mongolian plateau grassland border, north Chengde, Hebei


The Mongol Yuan dynasty divided China into provinces but did not establish Hebei as a province. Rather, the area was directly administrated by the Secretariat (中書省) at capital Dadu. The Ming dynasty ruled Hebei as "Beizhili" (simplified Chinese: 北直隶; traditional Chinese: 北直隸; pinyin: Běizhílì), meaning "Northern Directly Ruled", because the area contained and was directly ruled by the imperial capital, Beijing; the "Northern" designation was used because there was a southern counterpart covering present-day Jiangsu and Anhui. When the Manchu Qing dynasty came to power in 1644, they abolished the southern counterpart, and Hebei became known as "Zhili", or simply "Directly Ruled". During the Qing dynasty, the northern borders of Zhili extended deep into what is now Inner Mongolia, and overlapped in jurisdiction with the leagues of Inner Mongolia.


The Qing dynasty collapsed in 1912 and was replaced by the Republic of China. Within a few years, China descended into civil war, with regional warlords vying for power. Since Zhili was so close to Peking (Beijing), the capital, it was the site of frequent wars, including the Zhiwan War, the First Zhifeng War and the Second Zhifeng War. With the success of the Northern Expedition, a successful campaign by the Kuomintang to end the rule of the warlords, the capital was moved from Peking (Beijing) to Nanking (Nanjing). As a result, the name of Zhili was changed to Hebei to reflect the fact that it had a standard provincial administration, and that the capital had been relocated elsewhere.


During the Second World War, Hebei was under the control of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of Japan, a puppet state of Imperial Japan.


The founding of the People's Republic of China saw several changes: the region around Chengde, previously part of Rehe Province (historically part of Manchuria), and the region around Zhangjiakou, previously part of Chahar Province (historically part of Inner Mongolia), were merged into Hebei, extending its borders northwards beyond the Great Wall. The capital was also moved from Baoding to the upstart city of Shijiazhuang, and, for a short period, to Tianjin.


On July 28, 1976, Tangshan was struck by a powerful earthquake, the Tangshan earthquake, the deadliest of the 20th century with over 240,000 killed. A series of smaller earthquakes struck the city in the following decade.


In 2005, Chinese archaeologists unearthed what is being called the Chinese equivalent of Italy's Pompeii. The find in question, located near Liumengchun Village (柳孟春村) in Cang County in east-central Hebei, is a buried settlement destroyed nearly 700 years ago by a major earthquake. Another possible explanation may be the four successive floods which hit the area around the time when the settlement met its sudden end. The settlement appears to have been a booming commercial center during the Song dynasty.[citation needed]



Geography





Langyashan (Wolf Tooth Mountain), in Yi County, Hebei.


Most of central and southern Hebei lies within the North China Plain. The western part of Hebei rises into the Taihang Mountains (Taihang Shan), while the Yan Mountains (Yan Shan) run through northern Hebei, beyond which lie the grasslands of Inner Mongolia. The Great Wall of China cuts through northern Hebei from east to west as well, briefly entering the border of Beijing Municipality, and terminates at the seacoast of Shanhaiguan in northeastern Hebei. The highest peak is Mount Xiaowutai (小五台山) in Yu County in the northwest of the province, with an altitude of 2,882 m (9,455 ft).[1]


Hebei borders Bohai Sea on the east. The Hai He watershed covers most of the province's central and southern parts, and the Luan He watershed covers the northeast. Not counting the numerous reservoirs to be found in Hebei's hills and mountains, the largest lake in Hebei is Baiyangdian, located mostly in Anxin County.


Major cities:



  • Shijiazhuang

  • Baoding

  • Tangshan

  • Qinhuangdao

  • Handan

  • Zhangjiakou



Climate


Hebei has a continental monsoon climate, with cold, dry winters, and hot, humid summers. Temperatures average −16 to −3 °C (3 to 27 °F) in January and 20 to 27 °C (68 to 81 °F) in July; the annual precipitation ranges from 400 to 800 mm (16 to 31 in), concentrated heavily in summer.










































Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in Hebei Province, China[9][10][11][12]
City
July (°C)
July (°F)
January (°C)
January (°F)
Baoding 31.7/22.6 89.1/72.7 2.5/–7.7 36.5/18.1
Qinhuangdao 28.1/21.7 82.6/71.1 0.1/–8.8 32.2/16.2
Tangshan 30.2/21.7 86.4/71.1 0.9/–10.2 33.6/13.6
Zhangjiakou 29.4/18.7 84.9/65.7 2.2/–12.9 36.0/8.8


Administrative divisions



Hebei is made up of eleven prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities:





































































































































































Administrative divisions of Hebei

Hebei prfc map 1.png

     Prefecture-level city district areas      County-level cities




Division code[13]
Division
Area in km2[14]
Population 2010[15]
Seat
Divisions[16]

Districts

Counties

Aut. counties

CL cities
 
130000 Hebei Province
187700.00 71,854,202
Shijiazhuang city
47 94 6 21
1 130100
Shijiazhuang city
14052.56 9,547,869 Chang'an District 8 11 3
9 130200
Tangshan city
14334.59 7,577,284 Lunan District 7 4 3
8 130300
Qinhuangdao city
7791.57 2,987,605 Haigang District 4 2 1
5 130400
Handan city
12066.00 9,174,679 Congtai District 6 11 1
10 130500
Xingtai city
12433.00 7,104,114 Qiaodong District 2 15 2
2 130600
Baoding city
22185.00 10,029,197 Jingxiu District 5 15 4
11 130700
Zhangjiakou city
36861.55 4,345,491 Qiaoxi District 6 10
4 130800
Chengde city
39512.98 3,473,197 Shuangqiao District 3 4 3 1
3 130900
Cangzhou city
14305.28 7,134,053 Yunhe District 2 9 1 4
7 131000
Langfang city
6417.29 4,358,839 Anci District 2 5 1 2
6 131100
Hengshui city
8836.90 4,340,773 Taocheng District 2 8 1





































































These eleven prefecture-level divisions are subdivided into 170 county-level divisions (47 districts, 20 county-level cities, 95 counties and 6 autonomous counties). Those are, in turn, divided into 2207 township-level divisions (1 district public office, 937 towns, 979 townships, 55 ethnic townships, and 235 subdistricts).



Urban areas












































































































































































































































































































































Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# City Urban area[17]
District area[17]
City proper[17]
Census date
1
Shijiazhuang[a]
2,770,344 2,834,942 10,163,788 2010-11-01
(1) Shijiazhuang (new districts)[a]
461,738 1,208,046 see Shijiazhuang 2010-11-01
2
Tangshan[b]
2,128,191 3,187,171 7,577,289 2010-11-01
(2) Tangshan (new district)[b]
109,126 184,931 see Tangshan 2010-11-01
3
Handan[c]
1,316,674 1,445,338 9,174,683 2010-11-01
(3) Handan (new districts)[c]
627,869 1,757,637 see Handan 2010-11-01
4
Baoding[d]
1,038,195 1,138,521 11,194,382 2010-11-01
(4) Baoding (new districts)[d]
459,153 1,377,399 see Baoding 2010-11-01
(4) Baoding Xiong'an[e]
405,661 1,055,063 see Baoding 2010-11-01
5
Qinhuangdao[f]
967,877 1,029,670 2,987,605 2010-11-01
(5) Qinhuangdao (new district)[f]
120,710 517,073 see Qinhuangdao 2010-11-01
6
Zhangjiakou[g]
924,628 1,060,605 4,345,485 2010-11-01
(6) Zhangjiakou (new districts)[g]
209,414 591,334 see Zhangjiakou 2010-11-01
7 Xingtai 668,765 670,154 7,104,103 2010-11-01
8 Chengde 540,390 634,229 3,473,201 2010-11-01
9 Langfang 530,840 868,066 4,358,839 2010-11-01
10 Cangzhou 499,411 536,795 7,134,062 2010-11-01
11 Dingzhou 482,121 1,165,182 see Baoding 2010-11-01
12 Renqiu 430,896 822,455 see Cangzhou 2010-11-01
13
Hengshui[h]
389,447 522,147 4,340,773 2010-11-01
(13) Hengshui (new district)[h]
165,363 362,013 see Hengshui 2010-11-01
14 Sanhe 386,902 652,042 see Langfang 2010-11-01
15 Qian'an 308,849 728,160 see Tangshan 2010-11-01
16 Zunhua 299,759 737,011 see Tangshan 2010-11-01
17 Huanghua 296,978 548,507 see Cangzhou 2010-11-01
18 Wu'an 293,151 819,000 see Handan 2010-11-01
19 Bazhou 291,710 622,975 see Langfang 2010-11-01
20 Gaobeidian 274,853 323,671 see Baoding 2010-11-01
21 Zhuozhou 260,493 303,125 see Baoding 2010-11-01
22 Botou 258,203 584,308 see Cangzhou 2010-11-01
23 Hejian 243,458 810,306 see Cangzhou 2010-11-01
24 Xinji 236,658 615,919 see Shijiazhuang 2010-11-01
25 Shahe 218,958 498,416 see Xingtai 2010-11-01
(26)
Luanzhou[i]
208,212 554,315 see Tangshan 2010-11-01
27 Shenzhou 207,945 566,087 see Hengshui 2010-11-01
28 Xinle 194,480 487,652 see Shijiazhuang 2010-11-01
29 Nangong 188,260 469,030 see Xingtai 2010-11-01
30 Jinzhou 160,284 537,679 see Shijiazhuang 2010-11-01
(31)
Pingquan[j]
136,401 229,622 see Chengde 2010-11-01
32 Anguo 135,524 185,386 see Baoding 2010-11-01




  1. ^ ab New districts established after census: Gaocheng (Gaocheng CLC), Luquan (Luquan CLC). These new districts not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.


  2. ^ ab New district established after census: Caofeidian (Tanghai County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.


  3. ^ ab New districts established after census: Yongnian (Yongnian County), Feixiang (Feixiang County); Handan County merged into Hanshan & Congtai. These new districts not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.


  4. ^ ab New districts established after census: Mancheng (Mancheng County), Qingyuan (Qingyuan County), Xushui (Xushui County). These new districts not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.


  5. ^ Xiong'an New Area is a special urban area jurisdiction consist of Rongcheng County, Anxin County, & Xiongxian County established after census.


  6. ^ ab New district established after census: Funing (Funing County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.


  7. ^ ab New districts established after census: Wanquan (Wanquan County), Chongli (Chongli County); Xuanhua County merged into Xuanhua. These new districts not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.


  8. ^ ab New district established after census: Jizhou (Jizhou CLC). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.


  9. ^ Luanxian County is currently known as Luanzhou CLC after census.


  10. ^ Pingquan County is currently known as Pingquan CLC after census.




Politics



The politics of Hebei is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.


The Governor of Hebei is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Hebei. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Hebei Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary (CPC Party Chief).



Economy




Downtown Shijiazhuang.


In 2014, Hebei's GDP was 2.942 trillion yuan (US$479 billion),[18] ranked 6th in the PRC. GDP per capita reached 40,124 Renminbi. As of 2011, the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors of industry contributed 203.46 billion, 877.74 billion, and 537.66 billion RMB respectively. The registered urban unemployment rate was 3.96%.[citation needed]




A corner in downtown Zhangjiakou.


40% of Hebei's labor force works in the agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry sectors, with the majority of production from these industries going to Beijing and Tianjin Hebei's main agricultural products are cereal crops including wheat, maize, millet, and sorghum. Cash crops like cotton, peanut, soybeans and sesame are also produced.


Kailuan, with a history of over 100 years, is one of China's first modern coal mines, and remains a major mine with an annual production of over 20 million metric tonnes. Much of the North China Oilfield is found in Hebei, and there are also major iron mines at Handan and Qian'an. Iron, as well as steel, manufacturing are the largest industries in Hebei, and are likely to remain so as these industries consolidate and Hebei continues to grow as a manufacturing and transportation center for the region.


Hebei's industries include textiles, coal, steel, iron, engineering, chemical production, petroleum, power, ceramics and food.



Economic and technological development zones




  • Baoding Hi-Tech Industry Development Zone


  • Langfang Export Processing Zone


  • Qinhuangdao Economic & Technological Development Zone

  • Qinhuangdao Export Processing Zone


  • Shijiazhuang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone



Demographics




The Lingxiao Pagoda of Zhengding, Hebei Province, built in AD 1045 during the Song dynasty




























































Historical population
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
1912[19]
26,658,000 —    
1928[20]
31,232,000 +0.99%
1936-37[21]
28,644,000 −1.08%
1947[22]
28,719,000 +0.02%
1954[23]
35,984,644 +3.27%
1964[24]
45,687,781 +2.42%
1982[25]
53,005,876 +0.83%
1990[26]
61,082,439 +1.79%
2000[27]
66,684,419 +0.88%
2010[28]
71,854,202 +0.75%
Hebei Province was known as Zhili Province until 1928.
Beijing was part of Hebei Province[7] until 1928.
Tainjin was part of Hebei Province until 1928 and 1954 to 1967.
Rehe Province dissolved in 1955 and parts were incorporated into Hebei Province.
Qahar Province dissolved in 1952 and parts were incorporated into Hebei Province.

The population is mostly Han Chinese. 55 ethnic minorities are present in Hebei, representing 4.27% of the total population. The largest are Manchu (2.1 million people), Hui people (600000 people) and Mongol (180000 people).[29]


































Ethnic groups in Hebei, 2000 census
Nationality Population Percentage
Han Chinese 63,781,603 95.65%
Manchu 2,118,711 3.18%
Hui 542,639 0.78%
Mongol 169,887 0.26%
Zhuang 20,832 0.031%

Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.

Source: Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China and Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China, eds. Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China. 2 vols. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House (民族出版社), 2003. (.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}ISBN 7-105-05425-5)


In 2004, the birth rate was 11.98 births per 1,000 people, while the death rate was 6.19 deaths per 1,000 people. In 2000 the sex ratio at birth was 118.46 males to 100 females.[30]



Religion
















Religion in Hebei[31][note 1]



  Deity worshippers, Taoists, Buddhists, Confucians, folk religious sects, or not religious people (90.61%)


  Chinese ancestral religion (5.52%)


  Christianity (3.05%)


  Islam (0.82%)



The predominant religions in Hebei are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 5.52% of the population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration, while 3.05% of the population identifies as Christian,[31] mostly of the Catholic Church. Local worship of deities in the region began to organise into "benevolent churches" as a reaction to Catholicism in the Qing dynasty.


The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 90.61% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism and folk religious sects. Zailiism is a folk religious sect that originated in Hebei. There is a presence of Tibetan Buddhist schools in the province.


Hebei has the largest Catholic population in China, with 1 million members according to the local government.[33] and 1.5 million Catholics according to the Catholic Church.[34] The province is considered as the center of Catholicism in China. The town of Donglu, where an apparition of the Virgin Mary was reported to have occurred in 1900, is reportedly "one of the strongholds of the unofficial Catholic Church in China".[35]


A large number of Catholics in Hebei remain loyal to the Pope and reject the authority of the Catholic Patriotic Church. Four of Hebei's underground bishops have been imprisoned in recent years: Bishop Francis An Shuxin of Donglu since 1996; Bishop James Su Zhimin since October 1997; and Bishops Han Dingxiang of Yongnian who died in prison in 2007 and Julius Jia Zhiguo of Zhengding since late 1999.[34][36] In 2003 there were 350.000 Protestants and 580.000 Muslims according to government statistics.[37][38] According to a survey, as of 2010 Muslims constitute 0.82% of the population of Hebei.[32]


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View of the Puning Temple complex (Tibetan Buddhism).




Great Temple of Zhang Hui (张挥公大殿 Zhāng Huī gōng dàdiàn), the central ancestral shrine of the Zhang lineage, in Qinghe (Zhangs' ancestral home).






Culture




The giant Bodhisattva statue of Puning Temple, Chengde, Hebei province, built in 1755 under the Qianlong Emperor.



Dialects of Mandarin are spoken over most of the province, and most Mandarin dialects in Hebei are in turn classified as part of the Ji Lu Mandarin subdivision. Regions along the western border with Shanxi, however, have dialects that are distinct enough for linguists to consider them as part of Jin, another subdivision of Chinese, rather than Mandarin. In general, the dialects of Hebei are quite similar to and readily intelligible with the Beijing dialect, which forms the basis for Standard Chinese, the official language of the nation. However, there are also some distinct differences, such as differences in the pronunciation of certain words that derive from entering tone syllables (syllables ending on a plosive) in Middle Chinese.


Traditional forms of Chinese opera in Hebei include Pingju, Hebei Bangzi (also known as Hebei Clapper Opera), and Cangzhou Kuaiban Dagu. Pingju is especially popular: it tends to be colloquial in language and hence easy to understand for audiences. Originating from northeastern Hebei, Pingju has been influenced by other forms of Chinese opera like Beijing opera. Traditionally Pingju makes use of just a xiaosheng (young male lead), a xiaodan (young female lead), and a xiaohualian (young comic character), though it has since diversified with the use of other roles as well.




The Liaodi Pagoda, built in 1055 during the Song dynasty


Quyang County, in central Hebei, is noted for its Dingzhou porcelain, which includes various vessels such as bowls, plates, vases, and cups, as well as figurines. Dingzhou porcelain is usually creamy white, though it is also made in other colours.


Hebei cuisine is typically based on wheat, mutton and beans.



Notable individuals


Well-known people born in Hebei Province include:




  • Feng Dao (881-954), Confucian minister


  • Yan Yuan (1635–1704), Confucian philosopher


  • Chi Jushan (1876–1962), playwright and scholar


  • Xia Gengqi (夏更起), curator in the Beijing Palace Museum.[39]



Media


Hebei is served by Hebei Television.



Transportation


Because Hebei surrounds Beijing and Tianjin, all the numerous important railway lines radiating out of these two cities pass through Hebei. The Beijing–Guangzhou Railway is one of the most important: it passes through many major cities such as Baoding, Shijiazhuang, Xingtai and Handan on its way south to Henan. Other important railways include the Beijing–Kowloon Railway, Beijing–Shanghai Railway, Beijing-Harbin Railway, Beijing–Chengde Railway, Beijing–Tongliao Railway, Beijing-Baotou Railway and Fengtai–Shacheng Railway. High-speed rail lines crossing the province include the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway, Beijing-Guangzhou High-Speed Railway and Shijiazhuang–Taiyuan High-Speed Railway. Future high-speed rail lines from Beijing and Tianjin to Northeast China and Northwest China will traverse northern Hebei.


During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, Beijing and Hebei were collaborating on a new passenger railway. The RMB 82.6 billion network will add 844 kilometers to the system. Current railway systems for Hebei trains are also being upgraded and will soon be able to travel at speeds of between 160 and 200 kilometers per hour.


As of the early 2013, railway schedule systems listed 160 passenger train stations within the province.[40]


The recent expressway boom in China has not left Hebei behind. There are expressways to every prefecture-level city of Hebei, totalling to approximately 2,000 kilometers. The total length of highways within Hebei is around 40,000 kilometers.


There are a number of ports along the Bohai Sea, including Qinhuangdao (the second busiest in China with a capacity of over 100 million tons), Huanghua, and Jingtang. Shijiazhuang's Zhengding Airport is the province's center of air transportation, with domestic and international flights. Parts of Hebei will also be served by the new Beijing Daxing International Airport in Beijing, which is currently under construction and expected to be completed by 2017.[41]



Tourism




The Xumi Pagoda of Zhengding, Hebei province, built in 636 AD during the Tang dynasty


The Ming Great Wall crosses the northern part of Hebei and the eastern end is located on the coast at Shanhaiguan (Shanhai Pass), near Qinhuangdao. Informally known as the "First Pass of The World" (天下第一關), Shanhaiguan was the place where Ming general Wu Sangui opened the gates to Manchu forces in 1644, beginning nearly 300 years of Manchu rule; Shanhai Pass also marks the psychological entrance / exit of Manchuria, so that for centuries Manchuria was known as "outside the Pass" or "east of the Pass". Beidaihe, located near Shanhaiguan, is a popular beach resort well known as a former meeting place for top governmental officials.


The Chengde Mountain Resort and its outlying temples are a World Heritage Site. Also known as the Rehe Palace, this was the summer resort of the Manchu Qing dynasty emperors. The Chengde Resort was built between 1703 and 1792, and consists of a palace complex, a large park area composed of lakes, pavilions, causeways, bridges, etc., and a number of Tibetan Buddhist and Han Chinese temples in the surrounding area.


There are Qing dynasty imperial tombs at Zunhua (Eastern Qing Tombs) and Yixian (West Qing Tombs). The Eastern Qing Tombs are the resting place of 161 Qing emperors, empresses, and other members of the Qing imperial family, while the West Qing Tombs have 76. These are also part of a World Heritage Site.


The Zhaozhou, or Anji Bridge, built by Li Chun during the Sui dynasty, is the oldest stone arch bridge in China, and one of the most significant examples of pre-modern Chinese civil engineering.


Baoding, the old provincial capital, contains the historical Zhili Governor's Residence.


Xibaipo, a village about 90 km (56 mi) from Shijiazhuang, in Pingshan County was the location of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the headquarters of the People's Liberation Army during the decisive stages of the Chinese Civil War between May 26, 1948 and March 23, 1949, at which point they were moved to Beijing. Today, the area houses a memorial site.[42]



Sports


The 2018 Women's Bandy World Championship was held in Hebei.


Sports teams based in Hebei include:


National Basketball League (China)

Hebei Springs Benma


Chinese Football Association



  • Hebei China Fortune F.C.

  • Hebei Elite F.C.

  • Shijiazhuang Ever Bright F.C.



Education



Under the national Ministry of Education:



  • North China Electric Power University (华北电力大学/華北電力大學)

Under other national agencies:




  • Central Institute for Correctional Police (中央司法警官学校/中央司法警官學院)


  • Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy (中国人民武装警察部队学院/中國人民武裝警察部隊學院)


  • North China Institute of Science and Technology (华北科技学院/華北科技學院)


Under the provincial government:




  • Chengde Medical College (承德医学院/承德醫學院)


  • Handan College (邯郸学院/邯鄲學院)


  • Hebei Agricultural University (河北农业大学/河北農業大學)


  • Hebei Engineering University (河北工程大学/河北工程大學)


  • Hebei Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering (河北建筑工程学院/河北建築工程學院)


  • Hebei Medical University (河北医科大学/河北醫科大學)


  • Hebei Normal University (河北师范大学/河北師範大學)


  • Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology (河北科技技师学院/河北科技師範學院)


  • Hebei North University (河北北方学院/河北北方學院)


  • Hebei Physical Educational Institute (河北体育学院/河北體育學院)

  • North China University of Science and Technology (华北理工大学/華北理工大學)


  • Hebei University (河北大学/河北大學)


  • Hebei University of Economics and Business (河北经贸大学/河北經貿大學)


  • Hebei University of Technology (河北工业大学/河北工業大學)


  • Hebei University of Science and Technology (河北科技大学/河北科技大學)


  • Hengshui University (衡水学院/衡水學院)


  • Langfang Teacher's College (廊坊师范学院/廊坊師範學院)


  • North China Coal Medical College (华北煤炭医学院/華北煤炭醫學院)


  • Shijiazhuang College (石家庄学院/石家莊學院)


  • Shijiazhuang Railway Institute (石家庄铁道学院/石家莊鐵道學院)


  • Shijiazhuang University of Economics (石家庄经济学院/石家莊經濟學院)


  • Tangshan College (唐山学院/唐山學院)


  • Tangshan Teacher's College (唐山师范学院/唐山師範學院)


  • Xingtai University (邢台学院/邢台學院)


  • Yanshan University (燕山大学/燕山大學)



See also



  • Dongyi Protectorate

  • Hebei People

  • List of prisons in Hebei

  • Major national historical and cultural sites in Hebei



Notes





  1. ^ The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[31] in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i.e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et. al.) was not reported by Wang. The number of Muslims is taken from a survey reported in the year 2010.[32]




References



Citations





  1. ^ ab Liu, Yanlin (2015). 太行山把最高的山脊留在了河北. Chinese National Geography (in Chinese) (2). Retrieved 20 May 2018. 小五台山是太行山主脉上的最高峰,同时也是河北省的最高峰


  2. ^ "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census [1] (No. 2)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 29 April 2011. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.


  3. ^ "Statistical Communiqué of Hebei on the 2017 National Economic and Social Development / 湖北省2017年国民经济和社会发展统计公报" (in Chinese). Statistical Bureau of Hebei. 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2018-06-22.


  4. ^ 《2013中国人类发展报告》(PDF) (in Chinese). United Nations Development Programme China. 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-05.


  5. ^ "Yellow bridge Chinese Dictionary". Yellow Bridge. Retrieved 15 April 2016.


  6. ^ (in Chinese) Origin of the Names of China's Provinces, People's Daily Online.


  7. ^ ab Wikisource Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chih-Li". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 133.


  8. ^ "New Archaeological Discoveries and Researches in 2004 -- The Fourth Archaeology Forum of CASS". Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Retrieved 2007-09-18.


  9. ^ "Climate for Baoding". Weather China. Retrieved 10 June 2017.


  10. ^ "Climate for Qinhuangdao". Weather China. Retrieved 10 June 2017.


  11. ^ "Climate for Tangshan". Weather China. Retrieved 10 June 2017.


  12. ^ "Climate for Zhangjiakou". Weather China. Retrieved 10 June 2017.


  13. ^ 中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 (in Chinese). Ministry of Civil Affairs.


  14. ^ Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics. 《深圳统计年鉴2014》 (in Chinese). China Statistics Print. Retrieved 2015-05-29.


  15. ^ Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.


  16. ^ Ministry of Civil Affairs (August 2014). 《中国民政统计年鉴2014》 (in Chinese). China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9.


  17. ^ abc 中国2010年人口普查分县资料. Compiled by 国务院人口普查办公室 [Department of Population Census of the State Council], 国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 [Department of Population and Social Science and Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics]. Beijing: China Statistics Print. 2012. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.


  18. ^ "China's Provincial GDP Figures in 2011 - China Briefing News". 27 January 2012.


  19. ^ 1912年中国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.


  20. ^ 1928年中国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.


  21. ^ 1936-37年中国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.


  22. ^ 1947年全国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.


  23. ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 2009-08-05.


  24. ^ 第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 2012-09-14.


  25. ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 2012-05-10.


  26. ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 2012-06-19.


  27. ^ 现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 2012-08-29.


  28. ^ "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 2013-07-27.


  29. ^ 河北省少数民族及宗教概况. Hebei People's Government.


  30. ^
    "Gender Gaps in China: Facts and Figures" (PDF). World Bank. p. 4. Retrieved 2016-08-05.



  31. ^ abc China General Social Survey 2009, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2007. Report by: Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15) Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine.


  32. ^ ab Min Junqing. The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China. JISMOR, 8. 2010 Islam by province, page 29. Data from: Yang Zongde, Study on Current Muslim Population in China, Jinan Muslim, 2, 2010.


  33. ^ 天主教 河北省民族宗教事务厅


  34. ^ ab 河北地下教会主教成为爱国会成员


  35. ^ Country Advice China, Australian Government 13 February 2012


  36. ^ Hebei, Pray for China


  37. ^ 河北省民族宗教事务厅. "基督教". www.hebmzt.gov.cn.


  38. ^ 河北省民族宗教事务厅. "伊斯兰教". www.hebmzt.gov.cn.


  39. ^ Xue, Li (19 July 2010). 杂项专家夏更起:全国有十几家拍卖公司足矣(图). Beijing Business Daily (in Chinese). Retrieved 1 January 2011.


  40. ^ List of train stations in Hebei (in Chinese)


  41. ^ Moore, Malcolm (September 9, 2011). "China to build world's biggest airport". The Daily Telegraph.


  42. ^ Kenneth Pomeranz (July 22, 2010), Musings on a Museum: A Trip to Xibaipo




Sources


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  • Economic profile for Hebei at HKTDC

  • Ponds, Paddies and Frontier Defence: Environmental and Economic Changes in Northern Hebei in Northern Song China (960-1127)




External links










  • Hebei Government website













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