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Portrait of Carl Friedrich Abel by Thomas Gainsborough, 1777

Carl Friedrich Abel (22 December 1723^{[n 1]} – 20 June 1787)^[2]^[3] was a German composer of the Classical era. He was a renowned player of the viola da gamba, and composed important music for that instrument.

Life

Abel was born in Köthen,^[3]^[4] a small German city, where his father, Christian Ferdinand Abel, had worked for years as the principal viola da gamba and cello player in the court orchestra. In 1723 Abel senior became director of the orchestra, when the previous director, Johann Sebastian Bach, moved to Leipzig. The young Abel later boarded at Leipzig's Thomasschule, where he was taught by Bach.

On Bach's recommendation in 1743 he was able to join Johann Adolph Hasse's court orchestra at Dresden where he remained for fifteen years.^[3]^[5] In 1759 (or 1758 according to Chambers),^[1] he went to England and became chamber-musician to Queen Charlotte, in 1764.^[3]^[5] He gave a concert of his own compositions in London, performing on various instruments, one of which was a five-string cello known as a pentachord, which had been recently invented by John Joseph Merlin.^[6]

In 1762, Johann Christian Bach, the eleventh son of J.S. Bach, joined him in London, and the friendship between him and Abel led, in 1764 or 1765, to the establishment of the famous Bach-Abel concerts, England's first subscription concerts. In those concerts, many celebrated guest artists appeared, and many works of Haydn received their first English performance.

For ten years the concerts were organized by Mrs. Theresa Cornelys, a retired Venetian opera singer who owned a concert hall at Carlisle House in Soho Square, then the height of fashionable events. In 1775 the concerts became independent of her, to be continued by Abel and Bach until Bach's death in 1782. Abel still remained in great demand as a player on various instruments new and old. He traveled to Germany and France between 1782 and 1785, and upon his return to London, became a leading member of the Grand Professional Concerts at the Hanover Square Rooms in Soho. Throughout his life he had enjoyed excessive living, and his drinking probably hastened his death, which occurred in London on 20 June 1787.^[7] He was buried in the churchyard of St Pancras Old Church.

One of Abel's works became famous due to a misattribution: in the 19th century, a manuscript symphony in the hand of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, was catalogued as his Symphony no. 3 in E flat, K. 18, and was published as such in the first complete edition of Mozart's works by Breitkopf & Härtel. Later, it was discovered that this symphony was actually the work of Abel, copied by the boy Mozart—evidently for study purposes—while he was visiting London in 1764. That symphony was originally published as the concluding work in Abel's Six Symphonies, Op. 7.

Allegro, WKO 205 from 27 Pieces for Unaccompanied Viola da Gamba

Performed by Phillip W. Serna

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Allegro from 27 Pieces for Unaccompanied Viola da Gamba

Performed by Phillip W. Serna

Problems playing this file? See media help.

Sonata in G-Major, WKO155 for Unaccompanied Viola da Gamba

Performed by Phillip W. Serna

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Selected works by opus number

(adapted from the listing in the article on Abel at fr.wikipedia.org)

Op. 1: 6 Overtures or Sinfonias (1761)

Op. 2: 6 Sonatas for Keyboard and Violin and Cello (ad libitum) (1760)

Op. 3: 6 Trio Sonatas for 2 Violins and Basso Continuo (1762)

Op. 4: 6 Overtures or Sinfonias (1762)

Op. 5: 6 Sonatas for Keyboard and Violin and Cello (ad libitum) (1762)

Op. 6: 6 Sonatas for Keyboard and Flute (1763)

Op. 7: 6 Symphonies (1767)

Op. 8: 6 String Quartets (1768)

Op. 9: 6 Trio Sonatas for Violin, Cello and Basso Continuo (1771)

Op. 10: 6 Symphonies (1771)

Op. 11: 6 Concerti for Keyboard and Strings (1771)

Op. 12: 6 Flute Quartets (1774)

Op. 13: 6 Sonatas for Keyboard and Violin (1777)

Op. 14: 6 Symphonies (1778)

Op. 15: 6 String Quartets (1780)

Op. 16: 4 Trio Sonatas for 2 Flutes and Basso Continuo (1781)

Op. 16: 6 Trio Sonatas for Violin, Viola and Cello (1782)

Op. 17: 6 Symphonies (1785)

Op. 18: 6 Sonatas for Keyboard and Violin (1784)

Works list

Collapsed list

Symphony Op. 1 No.1 in B flat major, WK 1

Symphony Op. 1 No.2 in C major, WK 2

Symphony Op. 1 No.3 in D major, WK 3

Symphony Op. 1 No.4 in E flat major, WK 4

Symphony Op. 1 No.5 in F major, WK 5

Symphony Op. 1 No.6 in G major, WK 6

Symphony Op. 4 No.1 in D major, WK 7

Symphony Op. 4 No.2 in B flat major, WK 8

Symphony Op. 4 No.3 in E flat major, WK 9

Symphony Op. 4 No.4 in C major, WK 10

Symphony Op. 4 No.5 in G major, WK 11

Symphony Op. 4 No.6 in D major, WK 12

Symphony Op. 7 No.1 in G major, WK 13

Symphony Op. 7 No.2 in B flat major, WK 14

Symphony Op. 7 No.3 in D major, WK 15

Symphony Op. 7 No.4 in F major, WK 16

Symphony Op. 7 No.5 in C major, WK 17

Symphony Op. 7 No.6 in E flat major, WK 18

Symphony Op. 10 No.1 in E major, WK 19

Symphony Op. 10 No.2 in B flat major, WK 20

Symphony Op. 10 No.3 in E flat major, WK 21

Symphony Op. 10 No.4 in C major, WK 22

Symphony Op. 10 No.5 in D major, WK 23

Symphony Op. 10 No.6 in A major, WK 24

Symphony Op. 14 No.1 in C major, WK 25

Symphony Op. 14 No.2 in E flat major, WK 26

Symphony Op. 14 No.3 in D major, WK 27

Symphony Op. 14 No.4 in B flat major, WK 28

Symphony Op. 14 No.5 in G major, WK 29

Symphony Op. 14 No.6 in E flat major, WK 30

Symphony Op. 17 No.1 in E flat major, WK 31

Symphony Op. 17 No.2 in B flat major, WK 32

Symphony Op. 17 No.3 in D major, WK 33

Symphony Op. 17 No.4 in C major, WK 34

Symphony Op. 17 No.5 in B flat major, WK 35

Symphony Op. 17 No.6 in G major, WK 36

Symphony in C major, WK 37

Symphony in B flat major, WK 38

Symphony in E flat major, WK 39

Symphony in B flat major, WK 40

Symphony in D major, WK 41

Sinfonia concertante for oboe quartet in B flat major, WK 42

Sinfonia concertante for oboe quartet in D major, WK 43

Periodical Overture in D major, WK 44

Overture to 'Love in a village' in D major, WK 45a

Overture to 'The summer's tale' in B flat major, WK 45b

Flute Concerto No.1 in C major, WK 46

Flute Concerto No.2 in E minor, WK 47

Flute Concerto No.3 in D major, WK 48

Flute Concerto No.4 in C major, WK 49

Flute Concerto No.5 in G major, WK 50

Flute Concerto No.6 in C major, WK 51

Cello Concerto in B flat major, WK 52

Keyboard Concerto Op. 11 No.1 in F major, WK 53

Keyboard Concerto Op. 11 No.2 in B flat major, WK 54

Keyboard Concerto Op. 11 No.3 in E flat major, WK 55

Keyboard Concerto Op. 11 No.4 in D major, WK 56

Keyboard Concerto Op. 11 No.5 in G major, WK 57

Keyboard Concerto Op. 11 No.6 in C major, WK 58

Flute Concerto No.7 in D major, WK 59

Cello Concerto in C major, WK 60

String Quartet Op. 8 No.1 in F major, WK 61

String Quartet Op. 8 No.2 in B flat major, WK 62

String Quartet Op. 8 No.3 in E flat major, WK 63

String Quartet Op. 8 No.4 in D major, WK 64

String Quartet Op. 8 No.5 in A major, WK 65

String Quartet Op. 8 No.6 in F major, WK 66

Flute Quartet Op. 12 No.1 in C major, WK 67

Flute Quartet Op. 12 No.2 in A major, WK 68

Flute Quartet Op. 12 No.3 in F major, WK 69

Flute Quartet Op. 12 No.4 in D major, WK 70

Flute Quartet Op. 12 No.5 in B flat major, WK 71

Flute Quartet Op. 12 No.6 in G major, WK 72

String Quartet Op. 15 No.1 in E major, WK 73

String Quartet Op. 15 No.2 in C major, WK 74

String Quartet Op. 15 No.3 in E flat major, WK 75

String Quartet Op. 15 No.4 in G major, WK 76

String Quartet Op. 15 No.5 in F major, WK 77

String Quartet Op. 15 No.6 in A major, WK 78

Raccolta for keyboard in C major, WK 79a

Raccolta for keyboard in B flat major, WK 79b

Trio Sonata Op. 3 No.1 in G major, WK 80

Trio Sonata Op. 3 No.2 in C major, WK 81

Trio Sonata Op. 3 No.3 in B flat major, WK 82

Trio Sonata Op. 3 No.4 in D major, WK 83

Trio Sonata Op. 3 No.5 in A major, WK 84

Trio Sonata Op. 3 No.6 in E flat major, WK 85

Trio Sonata Op. 9 No.1 in A major, WK 86

Trio Sonata Op. 9 No.2 in C major, WK 87

Trio Sonata Op. 9 No.3 in G major, WK 88

Trio Sonata Op. 9 No.4 in B flat major, WK 89

Trio Sonata Op. 9 No.5 in D major, WK 90

Trio Sonata Op. 9 No.6 in F major, WK 91

Trio Sonata Op. 16a No.1 in G major, WK 92

Trio Sonata Op. 16a No.2 in D major, WK 93

Trio Sonata Op. 16a No.3 in C major, WK 94

Trio Sonata Op. 16a No.4 in A major, WK 95

Trio Sonata Op. 16a No.5 in D major, WK 96

Trio Sonata Op. 16a No.6 in G major, WK 97

Trio Sonata Op. 16b No.1 in G major, WK 98

Trio Sonata Op. 16b No.2 in D major, WK 99

Trio Sonata Op. 16b No.3 in C major, WK 100

Trio Sonata Op. 16b No.4 in G major, WK 101

Trio Sonata for 2 violins & cello in A major, WK 102

Trio Sonata for 2 violins & cello in A major, WK 103

Trio Sonata for 2 flutes & cello in G major, WK 104

Trio Sonata for 2 flutes & cello in D major, WK 105

Trio Sonata for 2 flutes & cello in G major, WK 106

Trio Sonata for 2 flutes & cello in F major, WK 107

Trio Sonata for 2 flutes & cello in C minor, WK 108

Trio Sonata for 2 flutes & cello in G major, WK 109

Trio Sonata for 2 flutes & cello in G major, WK 110

Trio Sonata for 2 flutes & cello in D major, WK 110a

Trio Sonata for 2 flutes & cello in G major, WK 110b

Trio Sonata for 2 flutes & cello in C major, WK 110c

Trio Sonata for 2 flutes & cello in B flat major, WK 110d

Trio Sonata for 2 flutes & cello in C major, WK 110e

Trio Sonata for 2 flutes & cello in C major, WK 110f

Keyboard Trio Op. 2 No.1 in C major, WK 111

Keyboard Trio Op. 2 No.2 in F major, WK 112

Keyboard Trio Op. 2 No.3 in D major, WK 113

Keyboard Trio Op. 2 No.4 in B flat major, WK 114

Keyboard Trio Op. 2 No.5 in G major, WK 115

Keyboard Trio Op. 2 No.6 in E flat major, WK 116

Keyboard Trio Op. 5 No.1 in B flat major, WK 117

Keyboard Trio Op. 5 No.2 in G major, WK 118

Keyboard Trio Op. 5 No.3 in E major, WK 119

Keyboard Trio Op. 5 No.4 in C major, WK 120

Keyboard Trio Op. 5 No.5 in A major, WK 121

Keyboard Trio Op. 5 No.6 in F major, WK 122

Flute Sonata Op. 6 No.1 in C major, WK 123

Flute Sonata Op. 6 No.2 in G major, WK 124

Flute Sonata Op. 6 No.3 in G major, WK 125

Flute Sonata Op. 6 No.4 in E major, WK 126

Flute Sonata Op. 6 No.5 in F major, WK 127

Flute Sonata Op. 6 No.6 in G major, WK 128

Violin Sonata Op. 13 No.1 in G major, WK 129

Violin Sonata Op. 13 No.2 in F major, WK 130

Violin Sonata Op. 13 No.3 in A major, WK 131

Violin Sonata Op. 13 No.4 in B flat major, WK 132

Violin Sonata Op. 13 No.5 in C major, WK 133

Violin Sonata Op. 13 No.6 in E flat major, WK 134

Violin Sonata Op. 18 No.1 in G major, WK 135

Violin Sonata Op. 18 No.2 in A major, WK 136

Violin Sonata Op. 18 No.3 in C major, WK 137

Violin Sonata Op. 18 No.4 in E flat major, WK 138

Violin Sonata Op. 18 No.5 in B flat major, WK 139

Violin Sonata Op. 18 No.6 in F major, WK 140

Violin Sonata in C major, WK 140a

Keyboard Sonata in B flat major, WK 140b

Sonata for viola da gamba No. 1 in C major, WK 141

Sonata for viola da gamba No. 2 in A major, WK 142

Sonata for viola da gamba No. 3 in D major, WK 143

Sonata for viola da gamba No. 4 in G major, WK 144

Sonata for viola da gamba No. 5 in A major, WK 145

Sonata for viola da gamba No. 6 in E minor, WK 146

Sonata for viola da gamba No. 7 in G major, WK 147

Sonata for viola da gamba No. 8 in A major, WK 148

Sonata for viola da gamba No. 9 in G major, WK 149

Sonata for viola da gamba No.10 in E minor, WK 150

Sonata for viola da gamba No.11 in C major, WK 151

Sonata for viola da gamba No.12 in G major, WK 152

Sonata for viola da gamba No.13 in G major, WK 153

Sonata for viola da gamba No.14 in D major, WK 154

Sonata for viola da gamba No.15 in G major, WK 155

Sonata for viola da gamba No.16 in D major, WK 156

Sonata for viola da gamba No.17 in E minor, WK 157

Sonata for viola da gamba No.18 in D major, WK 158

Sonata for viola da gamba No.19 in G major, WK 159

Sonata for viola da gamba No.20 in D major, WK 160

Sonata for viola da gamba No.21 in D major, WK 161

Sonata for viola da gamba No.22 in C major, WK 162

Sonata for viola da gamba No.23 in A major, WK 163

Sonata for viola da gamba No.24 in A major, WK 164

Sonata for viola da gamba No.25 in D major, WK 165

Sonata for viola da gamba No.26 in D major, WK 166

Sonata for viola da gamba No.27 in G major, WK 167

Sonata for viola da gamba No.28 in D major, WK 168

Sonata for viola da gamba No.29 in D major, WK 169

Sonata for viola da gamba No.30 in C major, WK 170

Sonata for viola da gamba No.31 in G major, WK 171

Sonata for viola da gamba No.32 in D major, WK 172

Sonata for viola da gamba No.33 in A major, WK 173

Sonata for viola da gamba No.34 in G major, WK 174

Sonata for viola da gamba No.35 in A minor, WK 175

Sonata for viola da gamba No.36 in F minor, WK 176

Sonata for viola da gamba No.37 in A major, WK 177

Sonata for viola da gamba No.38 in G major, WK 178

Sonata for viola da gamba No.39 in A major, WK 179

Sonata for viola da gamba No.40 in D major, WK 180

Sonata for viola da gamba No.41 in D major, WK 181

Sonata for viola da gamba No.42 in G major, WK 182

Sonata for viola da gamba No.43 in A major, WK 183

Sonata for viola da gamba No.44 in C major, WK 184

Arpeggio for viola da gamba in D major, WK 185

Allegro for viola da gamba in D major, WK 186

Piece for viola da gamba in D major, WK 187

Tempo fi minuetto for viola da gamba in D major, WK 188

Adagio for viola da gamba in D major, WK 189

Vivace for viola da gamba in D major, WK 190

Andante for viola da gamba in D major, WK 191

Piece for viola da gamba in D major, WK 192

Piece for viola da gamba in D major, WK 193

Piece for viola da gamba in D major, WK 194

Piece for viola da gamba in D major, WK 195

Fuga for viola da gamba in D major, WK 196

Piece for viola da gamba in D major, WK 197

Allegro for viola da gamba in D major, WK 198

Piece for viola da gamba in D major, WK 199

Tempo di minuetto for viola da gamba in D major, WK 200

Tempo di minuetto for viola da gamba in D major, WK 201

Piece for viola da gamba in D major, WK 202

Piece for viola da gamba in D major, WK 203

Con variatione for viola da gamba in D major, WK 204

Piece for viola da gamba in D minor, WK 205

Piece for viola da gamba in D minor, WK 206

Allegro for viola da gamba in D minor, WK 207

Piece for viola da gamba in D minor, WK 208

Adagio for viola da gamba in D minor, WK 209

Minuetto for viola da gamba in D major, WK 210

Allegretto for viola da gamba in A major, WK 211

Allegro for viola da gamba in A major, WK 212

Minuet for keyboard in C major, WK 213

Minuet for keyboard in D major, WK 214

Minuet for keyboard in G major, WK 215

Minuet for keyboard in G major, WK 216

March in F major, WK 217

March in F major, WK 218

March in F major, WK 219

March in F major, WK 220

March in F major, WK 221

March in B flat major, WK 222

March in F major, WK 223

Andante for string quartet in E flat major, WK 224

Flute Quartet in F major, WK 225

Flute Quartet in D major, WK 226

Flute Quartet with viola da gamba in G major, WK 227

Cello Duet in D major, WK 228

Concertino for 2 clarinets in E flat major (lost), WK 229

5 adagios for string quartet, WK 230

Dolly's eyes are so bright, WK 231

4 soli for flute (lost), WK 232

Frena le belle lagrime, WK deest

Notes and references

Notes

^ The Chambers Biographical Dictionary gives his year of birth erroneously as 1725.^[1]

References

^ ^a^b Chambers Biographical Dictionary, .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
ISBN 0-550-18022-2, page 3

^ Randel, Don Michael, editor (1996). "Carl Friedrich Abel". The Harvard biographical dictionary of music. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 0-674-37299-9.CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)

^ ^a^b^c^d Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abel, Carl Friedrich". Encyclopædia Britannica. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.

^ "Abel, Karl Friedrich" in Chambers's Encyclopædia. London: George Newnes, 1961, Vol. 1, p. 7.

^ ^a^b Sadie, Stanley, ed. (2001). "Carl [Karl] Friedrich Abel". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. I A-Aristotle (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Grove's Dicitonaries Inc. pp. 15–18. ISBN 1-56159-239-0.

^ Freiberg, Sarah. Conversation with Magical Merlin, Internet Cello Society. Retrieved 29 January 2009.

^ "Carl Friedrich Abel | German composer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-03-30.

Sources

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Abel, Karl Friedrich". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

S. M. Helm: Carl Friedrich Abel, Symphonist. London 1953

External links

Free scores by Carl Friedrich Abel at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)

Portraits of Carl Friedrich Abel at the National Portrait Gallery, London

[2] The Chambers Biographical Dictionary gives his year of birth erroneously as 1725.^[1]

[CBD-1] Chambers Biographical Dictionary, .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
ISBN 0-550-18022-2, page 3

[Harvard_Bio-3] Randel, Don Michael, editor (1996). "Carl Friedrich Abel". The Harvard biographical dictionary of music. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 0-674-37299-9.CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)

[EB-4] Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abel, Carl Friedrich". Encyclopædia Britannica. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.

[5] "Abel, Karl Friedrich" in Chambers's Encyclopædia. London: George Newnes, 1961, Vol. 1, p. 7.

[Grove-6] Sadie, Stanley, ed. (2001). "Carl [Karl] Friedrich Abel". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. I A-Aristotle (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Grove's Dicitonaries Inc. pp. 15–18. ISBN 1-56159-239-0.

[7] Freiberg, Sarah. Conversation with Magical Merlin, Internet Cello Society. Retrieved 29 January 2009.

[8] "Carl Friedrich Abel | German composer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-03-30.

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Ndtyjky

Carl Friedrich Abel

Contents

Life

Selected works by opus number

Works list

Notes and references

Sources

External links

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