Base Realignment and Closure
Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC)[1][2] is a process[3] by a United States federal government commission[4] to increase United States Department of Defense efficiency by planning the end of the Cold War realignment and closure of military installations. More than 350 installations have been closed in five BRAC rounds: 1988, 1991, 1993, 1995, and 2005.
Contents
1 Background
1.1 1988 Carlucci Commission
2 Defense Base Realignment and Closure Act of 1990
3 Defense Base Realignment and Closure Commissions
3.1 1988
3.2 1990
3.3 1991
3.4 1993
3.5 1995
3.6 2005
3.7 Future
4 Base Closure and Realignment Appropriations
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Background
The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 after the 1947 reorganization for establishing the National Military Establishment was passed regarding reductions of US military bases, forts, posts, and stations. The subsequent 1950s buildup for the Cold War (e.g., during the Korean War) resulted in extensive installations such as the widespread number of Permanent System radar stations and Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) control centers. By 1959, plans for extensive numbers of Cold War installations were cancelled (e.g., DoD's June 19, 1959, Continental Air Defense Program reduced the number of Super Combat Center underground nuclear bunker to 7) and in 1958, US Intercontinental Missiles (ICMs) began to replace Strategic Air Command bombers. From 1960–1964, the Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations closed 574 U.S. military bases around the world, particularly after President John F. Kennedy was briefed after his inauguration that the missile gap was not a concern.[5]
- 1961 closures
- On March 28, 1961 President Kennedy announced the closure of 73 military establishments.[6][7]
- 1964 closures
- "In December 1963, Secretary McNamara announced the closure of twenty-six DOD installations or activities in the CONUS".[8]:134
- 1965 closures
- Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara announced 95 base closures/realignments in November 1964: 80 in the United States (33 states & DC) and 15 overseas.[5] Closures included the Portsmouth Navy Yard, the Brooklyn Navy Yard, the Brooklyn Army Terminal, the Springfield Armory, 6 bomber bases, and 15 Air Defense Command radar stations—a realignment transferred Highlands Air Force Station to the adjacent Highlands Army Air Defense Site.[5]
- 1968 Project 693
Project 693[9] was established by Secretary Clark Clifford during the Vietnam War for reducing programs and personnel, and the project also closed several military installations.[10]
- 1969 realignments
- The DoD realigned "307 military bases" beginning with an announcement in October 1969.[11]
- 1973 closures
- 224 closures were announced in 1973.[12][13]
- 1974 Project Concise
Project Concise eliminated most of the Project Nike missile locations which generally each had 2 sites, a radar station on an elevated landform for guidance and command/control, and a launch area that had launch rails and stored missiles and warheads. A 1976 follow-on program to Concise closed additional installations.
- Grace Commission, 1983
The Grace Commission was President Ronald Reagan's "Private Sector Survey" on cost control that "concluded in 1983 that savings could be made in the military base structure" and "recommended establishing an independent commission to study the issue." "Public Law 100–526 endorsed the review" in October 1988 and authorized the "special commission to recommend base realignments and closures to the Secretary of Defense" and provided relief from NEPA provisions that had hindered the base closure process.[8]:156
1988 Carlucci Commission
On 3 May 1988 the Carlucci Commission was chartered by Secretary of Defense Frank C. Carlucci [8],:156 which in December 1988 recommended to close 5 Air Force bases: Chanute Air Force Base in Illinois, George Air Force Base, Mather Air Force Base and Norton Air Force Base in California, and Pease Air Force Base in New Hampshire).[8]:161
Defense Base Realignment and Closure Act of 1990
The Defense Base Realignment and Closure Act of 1990 provided "the basic framework for the transfer and disposal of military installations closed during the base realignment and closure (BRAC) process".[3] The process was created in 1988 to reduce pork barrel politics with members of Congress that arise when facilities face activity reductions.[14]
The most recent process began May 13, 2005, when Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld forwarded his recommendations for realignments and closures to the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Commission. The BRAC is an independent nine-member panel appointed by the President. This panel evaluated the list by taking testimony from interested parties and paying visits to affected bases. The BRAC Commission had the opportunity to add bases to the list, and did so in a July 19, 2005 hearing. The Commission met its deadline of September 2005 to provide the evaluated list to the President, who approved the list with the condition that the list could only be approved or disapproved in its entirety. On November 7, 2005 the approved list was then given to Congress which then had the opportunity to disapprove the entire list within 45 days by enacting a resolution of disapproval. This did not happen and the BRAC Commission’s recommendations became final.
Defense Base Realignment and Closure Commissions
1988
The 1988 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included:[15]
- Alabama Army Ammunition Plant
- Army Materials Technology Laboratory
- Army Reserve Center Gaithersburg
- Bennett Army National Guard Facility
- Cameron Station
- Cape St. George
- Chanute Air Force Base
- Coosa River Storage Annex
Defense Mapping Agency site Herndon, Virginia- Former Nike Site at the Aberdeen Proving Ground
Fort Bliss (Realign)- Fort Des Moines
Fort Detrick (Realign)
Fort Dix (Realign as Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst)- Fort Douglas
- Fort Holabird
Fort Meade (Realign)- Fort Monmouth
- Fort Sheridan
- Fort Wingate Ammunition Storage Depot
- Fort Wingate
- George Air Force Base
- Hamilton Army Airfield
- Indiana Army Ammunition Plant
- Irwin Support Detachment Annex
- Jefferson Proving Ground
Kapalama Military Reservation Phase III- Lexington Army Depot
- Lexington-Bluegrass Army Depot
- Mather Air Force Base
Navajo Depot Activity (Turned over to the Arizona Army National Guard)- Naval Hospital Philadelphia
- Naval Reserve Center Coconut Grove
- Naval Station Galveston
- Naval Station Lake Charles
- Naval Station New York
- Naval Station Puget Sound
Naval Station San Francisco (Realign)- New Orleans Military Ocean Terminal
- Nike Washington-Baltimore
- Norton Air Force Base
Pease Air Force Base (Realign as Pease Air National Guard Base)- Pontiac Storage Facility
- Presidio of San Francisco
Pueblo Army Depot (Realign)- Salton Sea Test Base
St. Louis Area Support Center Wherry housing- Tacony Warehouse
Umatilla Army Depot (Realign)
1990
In 1990, the Navy considered cutting 34 military installations.[16]
1991
The 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included:[15]
Beale Air Force Base (Realign)- Bergstrom Air Force Base
Carswell Air Force Base (Realign as Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth)- Castle Air Force Base
- Eaker Air Force Base
- England Air Force Base
Fleet Combat Direction Systems Support Activity San Diego (Realign)- Fort Benjamin Harrison
Fort Chaffee (Turned over to the Arkansas Army National Guard)
Fort Devens (Turned over to U.S. Army Reserve Devens Reserve Forces Training Area)- Fort Ord
Fort Rucker (Realigned)
Grissom Air Force Base (Realign as Grissom Air Reserve Base)- Hunters Point Annex
- Integrated Combat Systems Test Facility San Francisco
Letterman Army Institute of Research (Disestablish)- Loring Air Force Base
- Lowry Air Force Base
- Marine Corps Air Station Tustin
- Myrtle Beach Air Force Base
- Naval Air Station Chase Field
- Naval Air Station Moffett Field
- Naval Air Warfare Center Warminster
- Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Center San Diego
- Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Center Vallejo
- Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Center
- Naval Space Systems Activity Los Angeles
- Naval Station Long Beach
- Naval Station Philadelphia
- Naval Station Puget Sound
Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake (Realign)- Naval Air Station Point Mugu
- Philadelphia Naval Yard
- Presidio of Monterey
- Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base
Rickenbacker Air Force Base (Portion realigned as Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base)- Sacramento Army Depot
- Williams Air Force Base
- Wurtsmith Air Force Base
1993
The 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included:[15][17]
Anniston Army Depot (Realign)- Camp Evans
- Fort Wingate
- Griffiss Air Force Base
Homestead Air Force Base (Realign as Homestead Air Reserve Base)- K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base
March Air Force Base (Realign as March Air Reserve Base)- Mare Island Naval Shipyard
- Marine Corps Air Station El Toro
- Naval Air Station Agana
- Naval Air Station Alameda
- Naval Air Station Barbers Point
- Naval Air Station Cecil Field
Naval Air Station Dallas (Realign as Grand Prairie Armed Forces Reserve Complex)- Naval Air Station Glenview
- Naval Air Warfare Center Trenton
- Naval Aviation Depot Alameda
- Naval Aviation Depot Norfolk
- Naval Aviation Depot Pensacola
- Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Center, Saint Inigoes
- Naval Hospital Charleston
- Naval Hospital Oakland
- Naval Hospital Orlando
- Naval Reserve Center Gadsden
- Naval Reserve Center Montgomery
- Naval Station Charleston
- Naval Station Mobile
- Naval Station Staten Island
- Naval Station Treasure Island
- Naval Supply Center, Oakland
- Naval Training Center Orlando
- Naval Training Center San Diego
- Newark Air Force Base
- O'Hare Air Reserve Station
- Plattsburgh Air Force Base
- Vint Hill Farms Station
- Williams Air Force Base
1995
The 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included:[15][18]
- Bergstrom Air Force Base
- Camp Bonneville
- Castle Air Force Base
- Fitzsimons Army Medical Center
Fort Chafee (Turned over to the Arkansas National Guard)
Fort Greely (Realign)
Fort Indiantown Gap (Turned over to the Pennsylvania National Guard)- Fort McClellan
Fort Pickett (Turned over to the Virginia National Guard)- Fort Ritchie
Kelly Air Force Base (realigned as Kelly Field Annex)- Letterkenny Army Depot
- McClellan Air Force Base
- Military Ocean Terminal at Bayonne
- Naval Air Facility Adak
- Naval Air Station South Weymouth
- Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, Warminster
- Naval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division, Indianapolis
- Naval Reserve Center Fayetteville
- Naval Reserve Center Fort Smith
- Naval Reserve Center Huntsville
- Naval Shipyard, Long Beach
- Naval Supply Center, Oakland
- Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division
- Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division
- Oakland Army Base
- Ontario Air National Guard Station
- Red River Army Depot
- Reese Air Force Base
- Roslyn Air National Guard Station
- Savanna Army Depot Activity
- Seneca Army Depot
- Ship Repair Facility, Guam
Sierra Army Depot (Realign)- Stratford Army Engine Plant
2005
The Pentagon released its proposed list for the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission on May 13, 2005 (a date given the moniker "BRAC Friday," a pun on Black Friday). After an extensive series of public hearings, analysis of DoD-supplied supporting data, and solicitation of comments from the public, the list of recommendations was revised by the 9-member Defense Base Closure and Realignments Commission in two days of public markups and votes on individual recommendations (the proceedings were broadcast by C-SPAN and are available for review on the network's website). The Commission submitted its revised list to the President on September 8, 2005. The President approved the list and signalled his approval to Congress on September 15. The House of Representatives took up a joint resolution to disapprove the recommendations on October 26, but the resolution failed to pass. The recommendations were thereby enacted. The Secretary of Defense must implement the recommendations no later than September 15, 2011.
Major facilities slated for closure included:
| Major facilities slated for realignment include:
|
Twenty-six bases were re-aligned into twelve joint bases, with each joint base's installation support being led by the Army, the Navy, or the Air Force.[19] An example is Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, combining Fort Lewis and McChord Air Force Base.
Future
The 2005 Commission recommended that Congress authorize another BRAC round in 2015, and then every 8 years thereafter.[20] On May 10, 2012, the House Armed Services Committee rejected Pentagon calls for base closures outside of 2015 round by a 44 to 18 vote.[21] Defense Secretary Leon Panetta had called for two rounds of base closures, while at the same time arguing that the alternative of the sequester would be a "meat-ax" approach to cuts which would "hollow out" military forces.[22]
The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 specifically prohibits authorization of future BRAC rounds: No future Base Realignment and Closure round for military installations within the United States, its commonwealths, territories, and possessions for realignment or closure shall be authorized until, at the very earliest, the Department of Defense has completed and submitted to Congress a formal review of the overseas military facility structure, which incorporates overseas basing consolidations, an assessment of the need for bases to support overseas contingency operations, and the Department of Defense's Strategic Choices and Management Review.[23]
In May 2014, it was attempted to fund another round of BRAC, although funding was not approved in a vote in May of that year.[24]
In March 2015, the Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for Energy, Installations and Environment addressed the possibility of a future BRAC, indicating that the DOD, Defense secretary Ash Carter was requesting authority to conduct another BRAC.[25]
In September 2015, at the tenth anniversary of the end of the most recent BRAC commission report, its former chairman Anthony J. Principi wrote the time for a new BRAC was "now", and that "Spending dollars on infrastructure that does not serve [our men and women in uniform] needs is inexcusable."[26]
Base Closure and Realignment Appropriations
The following is a chronological timeline of authorizations for U.S. Congressional legislation related to US defense installation realignments and military base closures.
| Date of Enactment | Public Law Number | U.S. Statute Citation | U.S. Legislative Bill | U.S. Presidential Administration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| October 24, 1988 | P.L. 100-526 | 102 Stat. 2623 | S. 2749 | Ronald W. Reagan |
| November 5, 1990 | P.L. 101-510 | 104 Stat. 1485 | H.R. 4739 | George H.W. Bush |
| October 3, 1995 | P.L. 104-32 | 109 Stat. 283 | H.R. 1817 | William J. Clinton |
| September 16, 1996 | P.L. 104-196 | 110 Stat. 2385 | H.R. 3517 | William J. Clinton |
| September 30, 1997 | P.L. 105-45 | 111 Stat. 1142 | H.R. 2016 | William J. Clinton |
| September 20, 1998 | P.L. 105-237 | 112 Stat. 1553 | H.R. 4059 | William J. Clinton |
| August 17, 1999 | P.L. 106-52 | 113 Stat. 259 | H.R. 2465 | William J. Clinton |
| July 13, 2000 | P.L. 106-246 | 114 Stat. 511 | H.R. 4425 | William J. Clinton |
| November 5, 2001 | P.L. 107-64 | 115 Stat. 474 | H.R. 2904 | George W. Bush |
| October 23, 2002 | P.L. 107-249 | 116 Stat. 1578 | H.R. 5011 | George W. Bush |
| November 22, 2003 | P.L. 108-132 | 117 Stat. 1374 | H.R. 2559 | George W. Bush |
| October 13, 2004 | P.L. 108-324 | 118 Stat. 1220 | H.R. 4837 | George W. Bush |
| 2005 | P.L. | H.R. 4302 | George W. Bush |
See also
- Loss of Strength Gradient
- Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
Joint Bases of the United States military
References
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 15, 2005. Retrieved May 15, 2005.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link).mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ "Explore Congressional Research Service Reports: List View UNT Digital Library". Digital.library.unt.edu. Retrieved 2016-03-30.
^ ab Flynn, Aaron M. (February 23, 2005). "Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC): Property Transfer and Disposal" (abstract at University of Texas Digital Library). Congressional Research Service Reports. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
^ "Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission (BRAC)". Brac.gov. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
^ abc "Highlands Radar Site Closing" (PDF). The Daily Register. Red Bank, New Jersey. November 20, 1964. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2012. Retrieved 2011-10-12.McNamara Firm on Base Shutdowns … Temporary Team … Highlands Air Force Station … personnel will be inactivated by July, 1966, leaving Army radar unit at base intact
^ "The Lewiston Daily Sun - Google News Archive Search". News.google.com. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
^ "99 - Special Message to the Congress on the Defense Budget. March 28, 1961". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved Oct 9, 2018.
^ abcd Shaw, Frederick J., ed. (2004). Locating Air Force Base Sites: History's Legacy (Report). AFD-100928-010. Air Force History and Museums Program.The passage in October 1988 of Public Law 100–526 removed certain restrictive provisions of the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and allowed the first round of domestic base closings in nearly a decade. ... The year 1988 also saw the first public display of the Air Force’s new penetrating bomber, the B–2
^ Defense Agencies Summary: DoD Project 693, nd, fldr FY 1969 Budget, box 71, ASD(C) files, OSD Hist.
^ Drea, Edward J. (1984). McNamara, Clifford,and the Burdens of Vietnam1965-1969 (PDF) (Report). Volume VI, Secretaries of Defense Historical Series. Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense. ISBN 978-0-16-088135-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-08-30.the U.S. Air Force Strategic Air Command, denominated a specified command because, although part of the Air Force, it came under the operational control of the JCS.24 ... Clifford had previously appointed a group, known as Project 693, to determine which programs to sacrifice when it became necessary.65 ... In late July, a special committee devising scenarios for T-Day, the day hostilities in Vietnam ended, posited that, depending on timing assumptions, anywhere between 30,000 troops and a two-division corps (about 60,000 personnel) might have to remain in South Vietnam indefinitely. ... McNamara test, 25 Jan 66, House Subcte No 2, HCAS, Hearing: Department of Defense Decision to Reduce the Number and Types of Manned Bombers in the Strategic Air Command, 6084.
^ "Niagara Falls Air Force Units Are Phased Out" (Google news archive). Observer-Reporter. October 28, 1969. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20151222165346/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=19730416&id=vqc0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=52gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1393,5205517. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015. Missing or empty|title=(help)
^ [1]
^ "Base-Closing Plan Survives Assaults by Some on Hill". CQ Press. CQ Almanac 1989, 45th ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. pp. 470–73. Missing or empty|url=(help)
^ abcd "BASE CLOSURES AND REALIGNMENTS BY STATE: 1995, 1993, 1991, AND 1988" (PDF). Retrieved 21 June 2015.
^ Cassata, Donna (April 25, 1990). "34 military bases may face the ax". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. Spartanburg, S.C.: Google News. p. A3.
^ "Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission - 1993 Report to the President" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. 1993-07-01. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
^ 1995 Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission Report to the President (Report).
^ See Joint Base Background (part 4 of the Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam webpage)[permanent dead link] (on Hickam AFB's official website). Retrieved 2010-06-18. To access other parts of the webpage, go to the bottom of the right scroll bar and click on the down arrow (or the "page-down" double arrow). To go to earlier parts of the webpage, click on the up arrow (or the "page-up" double arrow). See Hickam Air Force Base#Internet webpage for a partial list of the webpage parts that discuss joint basing and BRAC.
^ BRAC panel calls closure round premature - News. GovExec.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-21.
^ Military Headlines. Military.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-21.
^ U.S. House committee rejects more military base closings. NOLA.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-21.
^ "Bill Text - 113th Congress (2013-2014) - THOMAS (Library of Congress)". Thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
^ Jordan, Bryant (7 May 2014). "House Panel Protects A-10, Pulls BRAC from Budget". Military.com. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
^ Marshall, Jr., Tyrone. "Senior DoD Official Testifies on Budget, BRAC". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
^ Anthony J. Principi (3 September 2015). "Time for a new BRAC". The Hill. Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
External links
- "Collection: Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission" at the UNT Digital Library
