Bashkir language
| Bashkir | |
|---|---|
Башҡорт теле | |
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | mainly in Bashkortostan |
| Ethnicity | Bashkirs |
Native speakers | 1.2 million (2010 census)[1] |
Language family | Turkic
|
Writing system | Cyrillic |
| Official status | |
Official language in |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | ba |
| ISO 639-2 | bak |
| ISO 639-3 | bak |
| Glottolog | bash1264[2] |
 Geographic distribution of Bashkir language in the Russian Empire according to 1897 census | |
The Bashkir language (/ˈbɑːʃkɪər, ˈbæʃ-/, Башҡорт теле [bɑʃˈqort tɘˈlɘ] (
listen)) is a Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch. It is co-official with Russian in the Republic of Bashkortostan, European Russia and has approximately 1.2 million speakers in Russia. Bashkir has three dialects: Southern, Eastern and Northwestern.
Contents
1 Speakers
2 Classification
3 Orthography
4 Phonology
4.1 Vowels
4.1.1 Historical shifts
4.2 Consonants
5 Grammar
5.1 Declension of nouns
5.2 Declension of pronouns
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Speakers
Bashkirs in Russia by administrative districts (raions) in 2010
Speakers of Bashkir mostly live in the Russian republic of Bashkortostan. Many speakers also live in Tatarstan, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Tyumen, Sverdlovsk and Kurgan Oblasts and other regions of Russia. Minor Bashkir groups also live in Kazakhstan and other countries.
Classification
Bashkir together with Tatar belongs to the Bulgaric (Russian: кыпчакско-булгарская) subgroups of the Kipchak languages. They both share the same vocalism and the vowel shifts (see below) that make both the languages stand apart from most other Kipchak and Oghuz Turkic languages.
However, Baskrir differs from Tatar in several important ways:
- Bashkir has dental fricatives /θ/ and /ð/ in the place of Tatar (and other Turkic) /s/ and /z/. Bashkir /θ/ and /ð/, however, cannot begin a word (there are only two exceptions: ҙур zur 'big', and the particle/conjunction ҙа/ҙә źa/źä). The only other Turkic language with a similar feature is Turkmen. However, in Bashkir /θ/ and /ð/ are two independent phonemes, different from /s/ and /z/, whereas in Turkmen /θ/ and /ð/ are just two main allophonic realizations of common Turkic /s/ and /z/ (there are no /s/ and /z/ phonemes in Turkmen).
- The word-initial and morpheme-initial /s/ is turned into /h/. An example of both features can be Tatar сүз süz [syz] and Bashkir һүҙ hüź [hyθ], both meaning "word".
- Common Turkic /tʃ/ (Tatar /ɕ/) is turned into Bashkir /s/, e.g., Turkish ağaç [ɑːtʃ], Tatar агач ağaç [ɑˈʁɑɕ] and Bashkir ағас ağas [ɑˈʁɑs], all meaning "tree".
- The word-initial /ʑ/ in Tatar always corresponds to /j/ in Standard Bashkir, e.g., Tatar җылы cılı [ʑɤˈlɤ] and Bashkir йылы yılı [jɤˈlɤ], both meaning "warm". However, the eastern and northern dialects of Bashkir have the /j/ > /ʑ~ʒ/ shift.
The Bashkir orthography is more explicit. /q/ and /ʁ/ are written with their own letters Ҡ ҡ and Ғ ғ, whereas in Tatar they are treated as positional allophones of /k/ and /ɡ/, written К к and Г г.
Labial vowel harmony in Bashkir is written explicitly, e.g. Tatar тормышым tormışım and Bashkir тормошом tormoşom, both pronounced [tormoˈʃom], meaning "my life".
Orthography
Trilingual sign in the Ufa Airport in Bashkir, Russian and English
After the adoption of Islam, which began in the 10th century and lasted for several centuries, the Bashkirs began to use Turki as a written language. Turki was written in a variant of the Arabic script.
In 1923, a writing system based on the Arabic script was specifically created for the Bashkir language. At the same time, the Bashkir literary language was created, moving away from the older written Turkic influences. At first, it used a modified Arabic alphabet. In 1930 it was replaced with the Unified Turkic Latin Alphabet, which was in turn replaced with an adapted Cyrillic alphabet in 1939.
The modern alphabet used by Bashkir is based on the Russian alphabet, with the addition of the following letters: Ә ә /æ/, Ө ө /ø/, Ү ү [y], Ғ ғ /ʁ/, Ҡ ҡ /q/, Ң ң /ŋ/, Ҙ ҙ /ð/, Ҫ ҫ /θ/, Һ һ /h/.
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ғ ғ | Д д | Ҙ ҙ | Е е | Ё ё |
| Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Ҡ ҡ | Л л | М м | Н н |
| Ң ң | О о | Ө ө | П п | Р р | С с | Ҫ ҫ | Т т | У у |
| Ү ү | Ф ф | Х х | Һ һ | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ |
| Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ә ә | Ю ю | Я я |
Phonology
Vowels
Bashkir has nine native vowels, and three or four loaned vowels (mainly in Russian loanwords).[3]
Phonetically, the native vowels are approximately thus (with the Cyrillic letters and the usual Latin romanization in angle brackets; R+ means rounded):
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spread | Rounded | Spread | Rounded | |
| Close | и ⟨i⟩ [i] | ү ⟨ü⟩ [y~ʉ] | у ⟨u⟩ [u] | |
| Mid | э, е ⟨e⟩ [ĕ~ɘ̆] | ө ⟨ö⟩ [ø~ɵ] | ы ⟨ı⟩ [ɤ̆~ʌ̆] | о ⟨o⟩ [o] |
| Open | ә ⟨ä⟩ [æ~a] | а ⟨a⟩ [ɑ] | ||
The two mid unrounded vowels are always short, in an unstressed position they are frequently elided, as in кеше keşe [kĕˈʃĕ] > [kʃĕ] 'person', or ҡышы qışı [qɤ̆ˈʃɤ̆] > [qʃɤ̆] '(his) winter'.[3] Low back /ɑ/ is rounded [ɒ] in the first syllable and after [ɒ], but not in the last, as in бала bala [bɒˈlɑ] 'child', балаларға balalarğa [bɒlɒlɒrˈʁɑ] 'to children'.[3] In Russian loans there are also [ɨ], [ɛ], [ɔ] and [ä], written the same as the native vowels: ы, е/э, о, а respectively.[3]
The mid vowels may be transcribed as lowered near-high [ɪ̞, ʏ̞, ɯ̞, ʊ̞].
Historical shifts
Historically, the Old Turkic mid vowels have raised from mid to high, whereas the Old Turkic high vowels have become the Bashkir reduced mid series. (The same shifts have also happened in Tatar.)[4]
| Vowel | Old Turkic | Turkish | Kazakh | Tatar | Bashkir | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *e | *et | et | et | it | it | 'meat' |
| *ö | *söz | söz | söz | süz | hüź [hyθ] | 'word' |
| *o | *sol | sol | sol | sul | hul | 'left' |
| *i | *it | it | it | et | et | 'dog' |
| *ï | *qïz | kız | qız | qëz [qɤ̆z] | qëź [qɤ̆θ] | 'girl' |
| *u | *qum | kum | qum | qom | qom | 'sand' |
| *ü | *kül | kül | kül | köl | köl | 'ash' |
Consonants
Labial | Labio- velar | Dental | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasals | м ⟨m⟩ /m/ | н ⟨n⟩ /n/ | ң ⟨ñ⟩ /ŋ/ | ||||||
Plosives | Voiceless | п ⟨p⟩ /p/ | т ⟨t⟩ /t/ | к ⟨k⟩ /c/ | к ⟨k⟩ /k/* | ҡ ⟨q⟩ /q/ | ь/ъ ⟨’⟩ /ʔ/* | ||
Voiced | б ⟨b⟩ /b/ | д ⟨d⟩ /d/ | г ⟨g⟩ /ɟ/ | г ⟨g⟩ /ɡ/* | |||||
Affricates | Voiceless | ц ⟨ts⟩ /ts/* | ч ⟨ç⟩ /tɕ/* | ||||||
Fricatives | Voiceless | ф ⟨f⟩ /f/* | ҫ ⟨ś⟩ /θ/ | х ⟨x⟩ /χ/ | һ ⟨h⟩ /h/ | ||||
Voiced | в ⟨v⟩ /v/* | ҙ ⟨ź⟩ /ð/ | ғ ⟨ğ⟩ /ʁ/ | ||||||
Sibilants | Voiceless | с ⟨s⟩ /s/ | ш ⟨ş⟩ /ʃ/ | ||||||
Voiced | з ⟨z⟩ /z/ | ж ⟨j⟩ /ʒ/ | |||||||
Trill | р ⟨r⟩ /r/ | ||||||||
Approximants | у/ү/в ⟨w⟩ /w~ɥ/ | л ⟨l⟩ /l/ | й ⟨y⟩ /j/ | ||||||
- Notes
^* The phonemes /f/, /v/, /ts/, /tɕ/, /k/, /ɡ/, /ʔ/ are only found in loanwords. /ʔ/ also exist in a few native onomatopoeic words.
Grammar
A member of the Turkic language family, Bashkir is an agglutinative, SOV language.[3][5] A large part of the Bashkir vocabulary has Turkic roots; and there are many loan words in Bashkir from Russian, Arabic and Persian sources.
Declension of nouns
| Case | father | mother | child | dog | cat | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | ата ata | әсәй äsäy | бала bala | эт et | бесәй besäy |
| Genitive | атаның atanıñ | әсәйҙең äsäyźeñ | баланың balanıñ | эттең etteñ | бесәйҙең besäyźeñ | |
| Dative | атаға atağa | әсәйгә äsäygä | балаға balağa | эткә etkä | бесәйгә besäygä | |
| Accusative | атаны atanı | әсәйҙе äsäyźe | баланы balanı | этте ette | бесәйҙе besäyźe | |
| Locative | атала atala | әсәйҙә äsäyźä | балала balala | эттә että | бесәйҙә besäyźä | |
| Ablative | атанан atanan | әсәйҙән äsäyźän | баланан balanan | эттән ettän | бесәйҙән besäyźän | |
| Plural | Nominative | аталар atalar | әсәйҙәр äsäyźär | балалар balalar | эттәр ettär | бесәйҙәр besäyźär |
| Genitive | аталарҙың atalarźıñ | әсәйҙәрҙең äsäyźärźeñ | балаларҙың balalarźıñ | эттәрҙең ettärźeñ | бесәйҙәрҙең besäyźärźeñ | |
| Dative | аталарға atalarğa | әсәйҙәргә äsäyźärgä | балаларға balalarğa | эттәргә ettärgä | бесәйҙәргә besäyźärgä | |
| Accusative | аталарҙы atalarźı | әсәйҙәрҙе äsäyźärźe | балаларҙы balalarźı | эттәрҙе ettärźe | бесәйҙәрҙе besäyźärźe | |
| Locative | аталарҙа atalarźa | әсәйҙәрҙә äsäyźärźä | балаларҙа balalarźa | эттәрҙә ettärźä | бесәйҙәрҙә besäyźärźä | |
| Ablative | аталарҙан atalarźan | әсәйҙәрҙән äsäyźärźän | балаларҙан balalarźan | эттәрҙән ettärźän | бесәйҙәрҙән besäyźärźän |
Declension of pronouns
| Interrogative pronouns | Personal pronouns | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | who | what | Singular | Plural | |||||
| I | you (thou) | he, she, it | we | you | they | ||||
| Nominative | кем kem | нимә nimä | мин min | һин hin | ул ul | беҙ beź | һеҙ heź | улар ular | |
| Genitive | кемдең kemdeñ | нимәнең nimäneñ | минең mineñ | һинең hineñ | уның unıñ | беҙҙең beźźeñ | һеҙҙең heźźeñ | уларҙың ularźıñ | |
| Dative | кемгә kemgä | нимәгә nimägä | миңә miñä | һиңә hiñä | уға uğa | беҙгә beźgä | һеҙгә heźgä | уларға ularğa | |
| Accusative | кемде kemde | нимәне nimäne | мине mine | һине hine | уны unı | беҙҙе beźźe | һеҙҙе heźźe | уларҙы ularźı | |
| Locative | кемдә kemdä | нимәлә nimälä | миндә mindä | һиндә hindä | унда unda | беҙҙә beźźä | һеҙҙә heźźä | уларҙа ularźa | |
| Ablative | кемдән kemdän | нимәнән nimänän | минән minän | һинән hinän | унан unan | беҙҙән beźźän | һеҙҙән heźźän | уларҙан ularźan | |
| Demonstrative pronouns | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||||||
| this | that | these | those | |||||
| Nominative | был bıl | ошо oşo | шул şul | теге tege | былар bılar | ошолар oşolar | шулар şular | тегеләр tegelär |
| Genitive | бының bınıñ | ошоноң oşonoñ | шуның şunıñ | тегенең tegeneñ | быларҙың bılarźıñ | ошоларҙың oşolarźıñ | шуларҙың şularźıñ | тегеләрҙең tegelärźeñ |
| Dative | быға bığa | ошоға oşoğa | шуға şuğa | тегегә tegegä | быларға bılarğa | ошоларға oşolarğa | шуларға şularğa | тегеләргә tegelärgä |
| Accusative | быны bını | ошоно oşona | шуны şunı | тегене tegene | быларҙы bılarźı | ошоларҙы oşolarźı | шуларҙы şularźı | тегеләрҙе tegelärźe |
| Locative | бында bında | ошонда oşonda | шунда şunda | тегендә tegenda | быларҙа bılarźa | ошоларҙа oşolarźa | шуларҙа şularźa | тегеләрҙә tegelärźä |
| Ablative | бынан bınan | ошонан oşonan | шунан şunan | тегенән tegenän | быларҙан bılarźan | ошоларҙан oşolarźan | шуларҙан şularźan | тегеләрҙән tegelärźän |
References
^ Bashkir at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Bashkir". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ abcdef Berta, Árpád (1998). "Tatar and Bashkir". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. The Turkic languages. Routledge. pp. 283–300.
^ Johanson, Lars (1998). "The History of Turkic". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. The Turkic languages. Routledge. p. 92.
^ "Overview of the Bashkir Language". Learn the Bashkir Language & Culture. Transparent Language. Retrieved 4 Nov 2011.
Further reading
Poppe, Nicholas (1997) [1964]. Bashkir Manual. Routledge. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-7007-0836-9.
Грамматика современного башкирского литературного языка (in Russian). Москва: Наука. 1981.
Дмитриев, Н. К. (1948). Грамматика башкирского языка (in Russian). Из-во АН СССР.
External links
 | Bashkir edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bashkir phrasebook. |
- Machine fund of the Bashkir language
 State languages of Russia | |
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