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Eve teasing is a euphemism used throughout South Asia, which includes (but is not limited to) India,^[1][2]Pakistan,^[3]Bangladesh^[4] and Nepal^[5] for public sexual harassment or sexual assault of women by men, the name "Eve" alluding to the very first woman, according to the Biblical creation story.^[6] Considered a problem related to delinquency in youth,^[7] it is a form of sexual aggression that ranges in severity from sexually suggestive remarks, brushing in public places and catcalls, to groping.^[8][9][10] The Indian National Commission for Women has suggested that the expression be replaced by a more appropriate term.^[11] According to them, considering the semantic roots of the term in Indian English, Eve teasing refers to the temptress nature of Eve, placing responsibility on the woman as a tease.^[12]

Sexual harassment by strangers, as with any type of harassment, has been a notoriously difficult crime to prove, as perpetrators often devise discreet ways to harass women, although Eve teasing usually occurs in public spaces and streets and on public transport.^[13] Some guidebooks to the region warn female tourists to avoid attracting the attention of these kinds of men by wearing conservative clothing.^[14][15] However, this harassment is reported both by Indian women and by conservatively dressed foreign women.^[16]

History

The problem first received public and media attention in the 1970s.^[17][18] In the following decades, more and more women started attending college and working independently, meaning that they were often no longer accompanied by a male escort as had been the norm in traditional society. In response, the problem grew to alarming proportions, despite this not being the case in other cultures where women go and come as they please.^[19] Soon the Indian government had to take remedial measures, both judicial and law enforcement, to curb the practice. Efforts were made to sensitise the police about the issue, and police started to round up Eve teasers. The deployment of plain-clothed female police officers for the purpose has been particularly effective.^[20] Other measures taken in various states by the police were setting up of dedicated women's helplines in various cities, police stations staffed by women, and special police cells.^[21]

Also seen during this period was a marked rise in the number of women coming forward to report cases of sexual harassment, due to changing public opinion against this practice. In addition, the severity of these incidents grew as well, in some cases leading to acid throwing, which in turn led to states like Tamil Nadu making it a non-bailable offense. The number of women's organisations and those working for women's rights also increased, and during this period reports of bride burning increased.^[22] The increase in the number of violent incidents involving women meant previously lackadaisical attitudes towards women's rights had to be revised and supported by law. In the coming years, certain organisations played a key role in lobbying for the passing of legislation designed to protect women from aggressive behaviour from strangers, including 'The Delhi Prohibition of Eve-teasing Bill 1984'.^[19]

The death of a female student, Sarika Shah, in Chennai in 1998,^[23] resulted in some tough laws to counter the problem in South India.^[24] After murder charges were brought, about a half-dozen reports of suicide have been attributed to pressures caused by this behaviour.^[19] In February 2009, female students from Maharaja Sayajirao University (MSU) in Vadodara assaulted four young men near the family and community sciences faculty, after the men made lewd comments about a girl student staying in SD Hall hostel.^[25]

Many other cases go unreported for fear of reprisals and exposure to public shame. In some cases police let the offenders go, after public humiliation through the murga punishment.^[26] In 2008, a Delhi court ordered a 19-year-old youth caught making lewd remarks to passing females to distribute 500 handbills to youngsters outside schools and colleges detailing the consequences of indecent conduct.^[27]

Depiction in popular culture

Some depictions in Indian cinema shows mild teasing as a part of flirtatious beginnings of a courtship, along with the usual accompaniment of song and dance routines, which invariably results in the heroine submitting to the hero's advances towards the end of the song. Young men tend to emulate the example depicted so flawlessly on screen; the term roadside Romeos^[13] even made it to film in Roadside Romeo (2007).

It also has been popularly depicted that when a girl is teased in this way, the hero will come and beat the guy up, such as in the Telugu films Madhumasam, Magadheeraand Eega. and also the Hindi film Wanted. Nowadays, this issue is also featured in Indian television soaps like Savdhaan India and Crime Patrol.

Legal redress

Campaign "I Never Ask for It", organised by Blank Noise, that addresses eve teasing and violence justified through blame, across spaces and as experienced by multiple identities of women in India

Although Indian law doesn't use the term Eve teasing, victims earlier usually seek recourse through Section 294 of the Indian Penal Code, which sentences a man found guilty of making a girl or woman the target of obscene gestures, remarks, songs or recitation to a maximum jail sentence of three months. Section 292 of the IPC clearly spells out that showing pornographic or obscene pictures, books or papers to a woman or girl results in a fine of ₹2,000 (US$28) with two years' imprisonment for first offenders. In the case of a repeated offense, the offender may have a fine of ₹5,000 (US$70) with five years' imprisonment imposed. Under Section 509 of the IPC, obscene gestures, indecent body language and negative comments directed at any woman or girl or exhibiting any object which intrudes upon the privacy of a woman, carries a penalty of imprisonment for one year or a fine or both.^[28][29] The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 introduced changes to the Indian Penal Code, making sexual harassment an expressed offence under Section 354 A, which is punishable up to three years of imprisonment and or with fine. The Amendment also introduced new sections making acts like disrobing a woman without consent, stalking and sexual acts by person in authority an offense.

The National Commission for Women (NCW) also proposed No 9. Eve Teasing (New Legislation) 1988.^[11] The Indian Parliament has passed the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, which add protections for female workers in most workplaces. The Act came into force from 9 December 2013.

Public response

The Blank Noise Project's intervention on Majestic bus stand, against Eve teasing^[30]

Nirbhaya Karnataka ("Fearless Karnataka") is a coalition of many individuals and groups including Alternative Law Forum, Blank Noise, Maraa, Samvada and Vimochana. After the rise of eve teasing cases in the 2000s, it organised several public awareness campaigns, including Take Back the Night, followed by another public art project titled, The Blank Noise Project, starting in Bangalore in 2003.^[31] A similar program to fight eve-teasing was also hosted in Mumbai in 2008.^[32]

In Delhi, one of India's most dangerous cities for women,^[33] the Department of Women and Child Development established a steering committee in 2009 to prepare the city for the Commonwealth Games to be held in 2010.^[34] In Mumbai, "Ladies Special" train compartments have been introduced to allow women to travel without the fear of being sexually harassed, for the length of the journey at least. Given that the number of women needing to travel has doubled since 1995, there is a very strong demand for these kinds of services.^[35] Today "Ladies Special" compartments are present in most local trains in big cities. The Delhi Metro also has exclusive women-only cars.^[36]

Eve teasing is highly criticised by the media and on social media websites such as Facebook.^[37]

See also

References

Further reading

• 
  Saxena, Shobha (1995). Crimes Against Women and Protective Laws. Deep & Deep Publications.
  


• 
  Thomas, Alison M.; Kitzinger, Celia (1997). Sexual Harassment: Contemporary Feminist Perspectives. Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-19580-6.
  


• 
  Brant, Clare; Too, Yun Lee (1994). "Sexual Harassment In India: A Case Study of Eve-Teasing in Historical Perspective". Rethinking Sexual Harassment. Pluto Press. p. 200. ISBN 0-7453-0838-4.
  


• 
  Kiran, B. Jyoti. "Eveteasing In India And Tortious Liabilities". LegalServiceIndia.com.
  


• 
  Vishakha v. State Of Rajasthan, Govt. of Tamil Nadu, (JT 1997 (7) SC 384)
  

External links